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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Roman Coins| ▸ |The Imperators| ▸ |Julius Caesar||View Options:  |  |  | 

Julius Caesar, Imperator and Dictator, October 49 - 15 March 44 B.C.

Gaius Julius Caesar is one of the most famous men in history. At the end of his brilliant military and political career, he had gained control of the Roman state. His puppet senate heaped more and more honors upon him. In February 44 B.C. the senate named him dictator for life. Many senators, however, feared that he wished to become king, ending the Republic. On the 15th of March 44 B.C., 63 senators attacked him with knives they had hidden in the folds of their togas. This most famous of assassinations plunged the Roman Republic into 17 years of civil war, after which it would re-emerge as the Roman Empire.

Roman Republic, Mark Antony, April 43 B.C., Julius Caesar Reverse

|Marc| |Antony|, |Roman| |Republic,| |Mark| |Antony,| |April| |43| |B.C.,| |Julius| |Caesar| |Reverse||denarius|
In April 43 B.C., The Battle of Forum Gallorum and the Battle of Mutina were fought between the forces of Mark Antony and legions loyal to the Roman Senate under the command of the Consuls and Caesar Octavian (the future emperor Augustus). The battles ended without a clear victor, but both consuls were killed. Caesar Octavian was left alone at the helm of the Senate's legions. In October 43 B.C., Mark Antony and Caesar Octavian, together with Lepidus united to form the Second Triumvirate.
SL113450. Silver denarius, Crawford 488/1, Sydenham 1165 (very scarce), BMCRR Gaul 53, Sear CRI 118, RSC I Julius Caesar and Mark Antony 2, SRCV I 1464, NGC VG, strike 3/5, surface 3/5 (2400516-005), weight 3.47 g, maximum diameter 20.6 mm, die axis 225o, Cisalpine Gaul mint, April 43 B.C.; obverse M ANTON IMP (NT ligate), bare head of Antony right, lituus behind; reverse CAES DIC, wreathed head of Julius Caesar right, jug behind; from a Virginia Collector, ex Eastern Numismatics Inc. (Garden City, NY, 27 Apr 2011, $1895); NGC| Lookup; very scarce; $1900.00 (€1786.00)
 


Roman Republic, Dictatorship of Julius Caesar, L. Valerius Acisculus, 45 B.C.

|Julius| |Caesar|, |Roman| |Republic,| |Dictatorship| |of| |Julius| |Caesar,| |L.| |Valerius| |Acisculus,| |45| |B.C.||denarius|NEW
The denarii of the moneyer, Lucius Valerius Acisculus have been the subject of much scholarly head scratching, with this fascinating and unusual issue being no exception. David Sear in Roman Silver Coins I: Republic to Augustus (1978) interpreted the reverse in the traditional fashion, with Valeria Luperca (the sister of the early Roman consul Publicola) riding a heifer, a supposed allusion to a legend of the moneyer's family, retold by Plutarch. However, in Sear's The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49 - 27 BC (1998), he had completely revised his description of the coin type in reaction to research conducted by Michael Crawford, "who prefers to see Europa riding on the bull." Sear goes on to say, "In mythology, Zeus fell in love with this Phoenician princess and, turning himself into a bull, enticed her to ride on his back whereupon he swam out to sea and took her to Crete where she bore him several children. Is it too fanciful to see in this type a reference to Queen Cleopatra of Egypt who, at Caesar's invitation in 46 BC, had crossed the sea to join him in Rome where she remained until his assassination?"
RR114360. Silver denarius, Crawford 474/1a, Sydenham 998, BMCRR 4099, Sear Imperators 90, RBW 1656, RSC Valeria 17 (£75), Babelon Valeria 17, gVF, uneven, off-centered strike, two 'I'-shaped marks in front of Apollo (banker's marks?), weight 3.932 g, maximum diameter 19.6 mm, die axis 90o, Rome mint, 45 B.C.; obverse diademed head of Apollo to right, star above, acisculus (double-headed pick) behind with ACISCVLVS in between and below head; reverse Europa seated on bull to right, holding billowing veil, L•VALERIVS in exergue; first specimen of this type handled by FORVM; $200.00 (€188.00)
 


Parium, Mysia, c. 45 B.C.

|Parium|, |Parium,| |Mysia,| |c.| |45| |B.C.||semis|
The abbreviated legend translates, "Twin Julian Colony of Parium." The other colony in the twin pair was Lampsakos. The head is probably Venus and intended to flatter Julius Caesar, who claimed descent from Venus. The reverse was also like intended to honor Caesar, the Pontifex Maximus, the head priest of Rome. The praefericulum was a metal ewer used by Roman augurs and pontiffs to hold wine dedicated to libations. It was carried in religious processions and, like the lituus, praefericula were among the sacerdotal insignia frequently depicted on coins of the pontiffs and augurs.
RP114662. Bronze semis, RPC I 2259; SNG Cop 280; SNG BnF 141; BMC Mysia p. 102, 80; Lindgren-Kovacs 272; Sear Imperators, App 2, 715, F, attractive green patina, weight 3.227 g, maximum diameter 14.5 mm, die axis 0o, Parium (Kemer, Canakkale, Turkey) mint, time of Julius Caesar, c. 45 BC; obverse female (Venus?) head right, wearing stephane; C G I P (Colonia Gemella Iulia Pariana) around; reverse praefericulum (ewer), D - D (by decree of the decurions) across fields; $90.00 (€84.60)
 


|Julius| |Caesar|, |Julius| |Caesar,| |Imperator| |and| |Dictator,| |October| |49| |-| |15| |March| |44| |B.C.||denarius|
"The coin that killed Caesar." The obverse legend declares Caesar is "Dictator for Life" and he wears the veil, symbolic of his life-term position as Pontifex Maximus. Caesar would be both the dictator and high priest of Rome for the remainder of his life, but his life would end only a few weeks after this coin was struck. For Caesar to put his image on coins and in effect declare himself king was too much for Brutus and his republican allies. On the Ides of March (15 March) 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death by as many as 60 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius. According to Plutarch, a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March. On his way to the Theater of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, "The ides of March have come," meaning to say that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied, "Aye, Caesar, but not gone." This meeting is famously dramatized in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to "beware the Ides of March."

Minted for Caesar's planned Parthian war, this type was often carelessly struck indicating the mint was working under great pressure.
SH45450. Silver denarius, Crawford 480/13, Sydenham 1074, Sear CRI 107d, RSC I Julius Caesar 39, BMCRR I Rome 4173, SRCV I 1414, Vagi 56, Choice gVF, magnificent portrait, weight 3.660 g, maximum diameter 19.2 mm, die axis 225o, Rome mint, moneyer P Sepullius Macer, Feb - Mar 44 B.C.; obverse CAESAR DICT PERPETVO, veiled and wreathed head of Caesar right; reverse P SEPVLLIVS MACER, Venus standing left, Victory in extended right hand, long scepter in left hand, shield at feet right; SOLD


Julius Caesar and Augustus, c. 27 B.C. - 14 A.D. (Possibly Later), Thessalonica, Macedonia

|Thessalonika|, |Julius| |Caesar| |and| |Augustus,| |c.| |27| |B.C.| |-| |14| |A.D.| |(Possibly| |Later),| |Thessalonica,| |Macedonia||AE| |19|
RPC tentatively dates the type to the reign of Augustus but notes that Touratsoglou dates it to the reign of Domitian (13 Sep 81 - 18 Sep 96 A.D.) particularly based on the die axis and letter forms.
SH67794. Bronze AE 19, Touratsoglou Domitian 23 (V3/R14); RPC I 1555; BMC Macedonia p. 115, 60; SNG Cop 399, VF, weight 7.039 g, maximum diameter 19.2 mm, die axis 180o, Thessalonika (Salonika, Greece) mint, c. 27 B.C. - 14 A.D. (possibly later); obverse ΘEOC, bare head of Julius Caesar right; reverse ΘECCAΛONI KEΩN, bare head of Augustus right; SOLD







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OBVERSE| LEGENDS|

CAESARDICTINPERPETVO
CAESARDICTPERPETVO
CAESARDICTQVART
CAESARIMP
CAESARIMPER
CAESDICQVAR
CCAESARCOSTER
CCAESDICTER


REFERENCES|

Babelon, E. Monnaies de la Republique Romaine. (Paris, 1885).
Banti, A. & L. Simonetti. Corpus Nummorum Romanorum. (Florence, 1972-1979).
Carson, R. Principal Coins of the Romans, Vol. I: The Republic, c. 290-31 BC. (London, 1978).
Cohen, H. Description historique des monnaies frappées sous l'Empire Romain, Vol. 1: Pompey to Domitian. (Paris, 1880).
Crawford, M. Roman Republican Coinage. (Cambridge, 1974).
Grueber, H.A. Coins of the Roman Republic in The British Museum. (London, 1910).
Russo, R. The RBW Collection of Roman Republican Coins. (Zurich, 2013).
Rutter, N.K. ed. Historia Numorum. Italy. (London, 2001).
Seaby, H.A., D. Sear, & R. Loosley. Roman Silver Coins, Volume I, The Republic to Augustus. (London, 1989).
Sear, D. R. The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49 - 27 BC. (London, 1998).
Sear, D. R. Roman Coins and Their Values, Volume One, The Republic and the Twelve Caesars 280 BC - AD 86. (London, 2000).
Sydenham, E. The Coinage of the Roman Republic. (London, 1952).

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