788


IX. Phoenicia


[Hill, Brit. Mus. Cat., Phoenicia, 1910; Babelon, Les Perses Ach�m�nides ... et Pho�nicie,
1893; Rouvier, Numismatique des Villes de la Ph��nicie (Journal Intern. d'Arch�ologie Numism.,
iii-vii (1900-1904).


Aradus was built on an island off the northern coast of Phoenicia.
Its coinage begins about the same time as that of Tyre and Sidon,
towards the end of the fifth century B.C.; but unlike those cities Aradus
made use of the Persic standard for its silver staters, probably on account
of its proximity to and commerce with the island of Cyprus, where alone
that standard was then in use.


�WW
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�ANS


The early coinage of Aradus may be arranged in the following
classes :�


Late fifth and early fourth centuries B.C.




מא (�ex Arado�). Phoenician fish-god,
holding dolphin in each hand.
Galley with sea-horse beneath [Babe-
lon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXII. 1, &c.]
AR 55 grs., AR 27 grs.

מא Half-figure of fish-god.
Prow with dolphin beneath [Ibid., Pl.
XXII. 7, &c.]. AR 11 grs.



First half of fourth century B.C.




Head of Melkart laureate, of archaic
style. [Babelon, No. 878.]
מא Galley on waves.
AR Attic Tetradr. 257.12 grs.

Id. [Babelon, Pl. XXII. 12 f.]
Id. AR Persic Stater 165 grs., and
divisions 54, and 14.5 grs.



Circ. B.C. 350-332.




FIG. 345.


Staters similar to those of preceding period, with regnal dates (10-17)
or (numeral ?) letters (Fig. 345); this is possibly the coinage of the Gero-
stratus who sided with Alexander. Also bronze (size .55) with types,
Fish-god, rev. Galley. Certain minute AR coins (2.3 grs. and under), obv.
Bearded head, rev. Galley, Tortoise, Head of one of the Phoenician
Pataekoi, &c., probably belong to both this period and the preceding.


Circ. B.C. 332-323.


Strato, son of Gerostratus.




Head of Melkart.

[Bouvier, Villes de Pho�nicie, No. 106.]
עב (�Abdastart). Galley.
AR Obol 10 grs.


789

Circ. B.C. 330-260.


On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard
of weight for the Attic, and struck gold staters and silver tetradrachms
with Alexandrine types (M�ller, Cl. II, III, and IV, Nos. 1360-79), distinguished by the monogram (B. M. Guide, Pl. XXVII. 3, 4). Some
of these are dated by the era of the conquest of Phoenicia (B.C. 333/2).
They probably ceased with the reign of Antiochus I (B.C. 281-261), on
some of whose tetradrachms the same monogram occurs. Probably to
the same period is to be assigned the Attic tetrobol with obv. Beardless
laureate head, rev. מא Prow (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXIII. 2).


Circ. B.C. 259-171.


The era of Aradus, according to which all the subsequent coins of the
city are dated, commences in B.C. 259. The coins fall into the following
classes:�

(i) Alexandrine gold staters, silver tetradrachms, and bronze. Monogram ΑΡ.
Many of the tetradrachms (M�ller, Cl. V) bear the symbol Palm-tree,
and (α) Phoenician dates corresponding to B.C. 243-215 or (β) Greek
dates, B.C. 202-171.


(ii) The contemporary smaller coinage consists of Attic tetrobols, half-drachms,
diobols, and bronze, with Phoenician dates from B.C. 243, and the mono-
gram ΑΡ.




Head of Zeus or Melkart.
Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. AR Tetrobol, � Dr., or Diobol

Head of Tyche.
Prow. AR � Dr.

Id.
Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. � .9-.65

Id.
Stern of ship. � .7

Head of Zeus.
Beak of ship. � .7



Circ. B.C. 174-137 and later.



Head of Poseidon, crowned with marine
plant. [Babelon, Pl. XXIII. 14.]
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Zeus standing; symbol,
palm-tree; date=B.C. 174.
AR Attic Tetradr.

Bee, and dates = B.C. 174-110.

[See Ephesus, p. 575.]
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Stag and palm-tree.
AR Attic Dr.

Head of Zeus.
Beak of ship. � .7

Head of Tyche.
Poseidon seated on prow. � .85

Id.
Aplustre. � .55



Circ. B.C. 137-45.




FIG. 346.

790

Some time in the reign of Alexander Bala (B.C. 152-144) Aradus,
which had been long at feud with its neighbour Marathus, succeeded
in destroying that town, and probably obtained thenceforth a consider-
able accession of wealth and power, for we find it, shortly after that
event, in a position to send into the market vast quantities of dated
tetradrachms, the series of which extends from B.C. 137 down to B.C. 45.
The weight of these tetradrachms is Rhodian(?), being intermediate
between the Attic and Tyrian standards. The drachms with Ephesian
types (see above) continued to be issued until B.C. 110.




Head of Tyche, veiled and turreted
(Fig. 346).
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Nike standing, holding
aplustre and palm; in field, Greek
date and Phoenician and Greek
letters. AR Tetradr. 239 grs.

Head of Zeus.
Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
130-110). AR Tetrobol

� size .6

Head of Tyche.
Prow (B.C. 119-109). AR � Dr.

Head of Gorgon.
Aplustre (B.C. 111, 110). AR Diobol

Head of Astarte veiled.
Humped bull (B.C. 96). AR Drachm

Id.
Id. (B.C. 94-21). � .85

Head of Tyche.
Poseidon seated on prow. � .85

Heads of Zeus and a goddess jugate.
Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
137-52). � .75

Head of Zeus.
Prow (B.C. 84-45). � .7



Bronze coins with the head of M. Antonius were issued in B.C. 38/7
and 35/4.


Imperial, Tiberius to Gordian. Inscr., ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ. Usual types�
Head of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of
the Emperor, smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull;
Tyche seated on rudder; Vase between two sphinxes; Cypress-tree
between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard.


Also occasional quasi-autonomous coins, partly with the old types, to
A.D. 116. A silver tetradrachm of Caracalla of the Antiochene class
(symbol, crab and crescent) may have been issued at Aradus or Ascalon
(Imhoof-Blumer, Gr. M��nzen, 786).


Berytus (Beyrout), a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. It was
a mint for AV, AR, and � of Ptolemy II, III, and V (symbol, trident), and
also for Seleucid AR and � (Antiochus IV to Antiochus VIII). In the
second century the coins hear a Phoenician inscription ללאדכא אש בכנען
meaning �of Laodiceia which is in Canaan� (i. e. Phoenicia) (Rev. Arch.,
1897, p. 302); also often the letters ΛΑ ΦΟΙ or ΒΗ ΦΟL Autonomous
� from second century; inscr. as above, or �of Berit� in Phoenician;
later ΒΗΡΥΤΙWΝ. Types�Head of Tyche; Poseidon in car drawn by
hippocamps; Astarte on prow, &c. Era begins B.C. 80. � of
Cleopatra VII (q.v.), in B.C. 31 (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., 1886-9). Colonial
(from circ. B.C. 15), Augustus to Salonina; also small bronze without
Emperors� heads. Inscr., BER., C. B., COL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. FEL.
BER., COL. ANT. AVG. FEL. BER., &c. Other inscriptions: SEC(uritas)
SAEC(uli); DECENNALES ANTONINI COS III. Types�usual colonial;
Astarte; Temple of Astarte; Poseidon; Temple of Poseidon; Poseidon

791

seizing Bero��; Dionysos; Agora gateway with figure of �Marsyas�; the
eight Kabiri; Eshmun-Asklepios with two serpents, &c. Under Cara-
calla and Macrinus, silver �Antiochene� tetradrachms; symbol, trident
and dolphin.


�WW
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�ANS


Botrys, between Byblus and Tripolis. Quasi-autonomous (time of
Augustus) and Imperial (Elagabalus to Severus Alexander). Inscr.,
ΒΟΤΡΥΗΝWΝ. Era (Actian) begins B.C. 31. Types�Astarte in temple;
Grapes; Amphora.


�ANS


Byblus (Gebal), a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, between
Botrys and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who was
here worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled to
have come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containing
the corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus are
autonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Azbaal, Ainel
or Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333 (Arrian,
ii. 20. 1) and Adramelek, B.C. 315 (?) (Six, Num. Chron., 1877, p. 182).


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�ANS


Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 400-315 (?).



Galley, with horse�s head as figure-
head, manned by three armed men;
beneath, hippocamp.
Vulture standing on an incuse ram.
AR Stater and Fourth; also smaller
divisions varied. [De Luynes, Satrap.,
Pl. XVI. 46, 47.]

Id.

[Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI. 12.]
Lion devouring a bull, of which the
head is in relief and the body incuse.
Inscr. in Phoenician letters לפעל מלך גבל (= Elpaal Melek Gebal).
AR Stater and divisions.

Id. [Babelon. Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI.
20, &c.]
Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni-
cian letters עזבעל מלך גבל (= Azbaal
Melek Gebal); עינאל מלך גבל (=

Ainel Melek Gebal); or גבלאדרמלך מלך
(= Adramelek Melek Gebal).
AR 213 grs. and 13 grs.



Second and first centuries B.C.


The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the Seleucidae from Antiochus IV
to Antiochus VIII, rev. usually Phoenician god Kronos represented as a
standing figure with six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num.,
1856, p. 394, and Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442).


There are also autonomous bronze coins of the first century B.C.;
inscr. in Phoenician letters לגבל קדשת �of Gebal the holy�. Types�
Head of Tyche; Kronos; Isis Pharia; Crown of ΕΙCΙC; Isis-Astarte
standing; Harpokrates; &c. (Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442). Quasi-auto-
nomous �, dated by Actian Era. Imperial �, Augustus to Severus Alex-
ander. Inscr., ΒΥΒΛΙΩΝ, ΒΥΒΛΟΥ ΙЄΡΑC, &c. Usual types�Temple
of Astarte, in which her statue standing with one foot on prow; Isis
Pharia; Temple with court containing conical baetyl; &c.


Caesareia ad Libanum, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon.
Imperial, Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. Inscr., ΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC ΛΙ-

792

ΒΑΝΟΥ or ΚΑΙCΑΡЄΩΝ ΤΩΝ ЄΝ ΤΩ ΛΙΒΑΝΩ, with Seleucid dates.
Colonial�Elagabalus to Severus Alexander, COL. CAESAREA LIB.;
sometimes also ITVR(aeae ?). Types�Half-length simulacrum of Astarte
in temple (as described by Macrobius, Sat., i. 21. 5); Astarte in Temple,
crowned by standing figure, River-god at her feet. Dates according to
the Seleucid era.


�ANS


Carne or Carnos. To this place, the mainland port of Aradus (Strabo,
753), coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the
era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 226-137. Inscr., ΚΑΡ or קרן.
Alexandrine AR tetradrachm; AR Attic tetrobols with Aradian types or
Cornucopiae; � with Aradian types, also Asklepios-Eshmun crowned
by Nike; Cornucopiae; &c.


�WW
�ANS


Dora (Tantura), in the south of Phoenicia. Autonomous (first cen-
tury B.C.) and Imperial, Vespasian to Antoninus Pius, with Greek dates
computed from the Pompeian era, B.C. 64. Inscr., ΔWΡΙΤWΝ,
ΔWΡ. ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤΟΝ. ΝΑΥΑΡΧ[ιδοσ], ΔWΡΑ ΙЄΡΑ. Types�Head
of Doros or Tyche, rev. Astarte standing holding vexillum.


�ANS


Gebal. See Byblus.


Laodiceia Phoeniciae. See Berytus.


Marathus (site Amrit). This important city was the most northern
coast town of Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neigh-
bour Aradus, which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between
B.C. 149 and 145, in the reign of Alexander Bala; it was subsequently
revived (perhaps as an Aradian colony).


�WW
�ANS


Its earliest coins are a silver drachm of the types of the Alexandrine
AV Staters (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVIII. 1) and tetradrachms with
Alexandrine types (M��ller, 1396; symbol, Palm-tree), dated in the thirtieth
year of the era of Aradus (B.C. 259) = B.C. 229. Shortly after this the
series of the Marathenian coins begins, and extends down to circ. B.C. 150.
The silver coins have Greek legends and the bronze Phoenician, nearly
all being dated in the usual Phoenician manner, e.g. ΙΙΙ�ΝΝΝשת
(= Shenath 73).




FIG. 347.


Attic Standard.



Head of the city, turreted (Fig. 347).
ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos holding ap-
lustre and branch, seated on shields.
In front, Phoenician date 33 (= B.C.
226). AR Attic tetradr. 258 grs.


793



Head of Queen Berenice II (?), veiled.
ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos standing
beside column, holding aplustre.
Phoenician date 34 (= B.C. 225) and
73. AR 36 grs.

Id.
מרת Asklepios-Eshmun, with serpent
staff. Dates 33 and 35. � .8

Id.
מרת Marathos standing. Dates 40-
108. � .9

Id.
Prow. Date 73. � .6

Bust of Ptolemy VI as Hermes.
מרת Marathos standing. Dates 80-91.
� .85

Bust of Tyche.
Id. Dates 103-105. � .65

Female bust, laureate.
מרת Nike. Dates 85-90. � .65

Head of Zeus.
ΜΑΡΑ or no city-name. Double cor-
nucopiae. Phoenician dates 120-
168, Greek dates 236-375. � .9



For other types see Rouvier, Num. des Villes de la Ph��nicie.


Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze of first
century B.C., and quasi-autonomous. Inscr., ΟΡΘΩΣΙΕΩΝ; chief type�
Dionysos Pogon in car drawn by winged panthers. Era, Seleucid.
Imperial, Nero to Severus Alexander. Types�Dionysos (as on earlier
coins); Temple of Astarte; &c.


�WW
�ANS


Ptolemais-Ace (�Akka, St. Jean d'Acre). The coinage of this city begins
with Alexander the Great; staters and tetradrachms with dates 6-40, i. e.
by the era of Alexander in Phoenicia, from B.C. 328/7 to 294/3; also
undated, during the period 332-328. On these coins the city is named
Ace (עך). It was re-named Ptolemais by Ptolemy II. The Ptolemaic
coinage begins in B.C. 261 (a few undated pieces may be earlier), and
continues until the acquisition of the city by Antiochus III in B.C. 200.
Seleucid coinage from Antiochus IV to Antiochus XII (circ. B.C. 175-84);
interrupted by a coin struck by Ptolemy VI in B.C. 148, during the
struggle between Alexander Bala and Demetrius. The mint-mark is
usually a monogram of ΠΤ or ΠΤΟ; we also find ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ
ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ from Antiochus IV (who therefore founded a colony
there named after himself) to the first century B.C. The other names
survived, however; עך and ΠΤΟ are found on contemporary coins.
From circa B.C. 44 the coins read ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑ(Ι)ΕΩΝ, sometimes also
ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ or ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, and are dated by the Caesarean
era (B.C. 48). Coins struck probably about B.C. 4 read ΑΚΗ, usually
also ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, variously abbreviated. Under Claudius
the title is ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ. Types through-
out the autonomous period�Triptolemos (?) with sceptre and ears of
corn; Zeus; Tyche standing on rudder, holding aplustre; Perseus; &c.
Claudius made it a colony between A.D. 52 and 54, with the title
Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais. Colonial coinage from Nero to Gal-
lienus. Inscr., usually COL. PTOL.; other titles CL(audia) FELIX, and
under Nero also STAB(ilis?) GER(manica). Era, Caesarean. Types�
Emperor DIVOS CLAVD(ius) ploughing the sulcus primigenius, with
standards of four legions, the III (Gallica), VI (Ferrata), X (Fretensis),
and XII (Fulminata). River-god Belos, alone or at feet of Tyche, or with

794

another figure (Mountain-god ?). View of the port of Ace. View of the
acropolis. Aphrodite of �Medici� type. Neptune with trident and dolphin,
boar, and standard (emblems of Tenth legion). Rape of Persephone.
Temple of Artemis, surrounded by zodiac. Types relating to Sarapis,
Isis, and Harpokrates. Bust of a fire-deity (?) with torch and peculiar
head-dress. Deity in Egyptian shrine, holding double-axe, sometimes
with bucrania at his feet. Two Nemeses holding serpent-staves. Perseus
holding head of Medusa. Tree between two altars with serpents. Model
of human foot (cf. Alexandreia in Egypt and Aegeae in Cilicia). The
thunderbolt, harpa, and caduceus are common symbols in the field of all
the later coins.


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�ANS


Sidon. To this great maritime city, the ancient metropolis of
Phoenicia, belongs the most important coinage of this part of the world
down to the time of Alexander the Great. It begins about the end of the
fifth century, is of the Phoenician standard, and is to be divided into
the following classes. A cable border characterizes the larger coins
in Classes II-IV :�


CLASS I. Uncertain King (Eshmun'azar ?). End of fifth century B.C.


�WW
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�ANS




FIG. 348.




Galley with square-sail furled (Fig.
348).
Incuse square. King of Persia in chariot,
driven by charioteer; in field, fore-
part of wild goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 422.5 grs.

Id.
Incuse square. King shooting; in field,
heads of goat and Hes, incuse.
AR � shekel, 109.1 grs.

Id.
Incuse square. King running, shooting.
AR 1/16 shekel, 12.8 grs.

Id.
Head of Bes. AR 1/32 shekel, 4.8 grs.

Id., but sail triangular.
Incuse circle. King shooting.
AR � shekel, 98 grs.



Class II. Uncertain king. Circ. B.C. 400-384.




FIG. 349.

795



Galley before fortified wall of a city. In
exergue, two lions (Fig. 349).
Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
at full speed by charioteer; beneath,
wild-goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 436 grs.

Id.
Incuse square. King slaying lion with
sword. AR � shekel, 108.7 grs.



These usually bear Aramaic letters, such as עב, בע, בם, the meaning
of which is not certain. To the same class belong 1/16 and 1/64 shekels, rev.
type, King running, shooting; and 1/32 shekels, rev. type, King half-kneel-
ing, holding bow and spear. See Rouvier in Journ. Int., 1902, p. 102 f.


CLASS III. Uncertain King (Bod'ashtart ?). Circ. B.C. 384-370.

(With letter ב on obverse or reverse).




Galley with rowers, at sea.
Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
slowly by charioteer; behind him, an
attendant in Egyptian royal costume.
On one specimen the date 14.
AR 2 shekels, 441.4 grs.

Id.
Id. (without attendant). AR � shekel

Id.
King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel

Id.
King kneeling, shooting. AR 1/32 shekel



The Egyptian king following the car of the Great King probably
symbolizes the nominal subjection of Egypt to Persia after the death of
Hakor in B.C. 383.


CLASS IV. Strato I (�Abd'ashtart). Circ. B.C. 370-358.




FIG. 350.


To this celebrated phil-Athenian ruler (Hicks, Gk. Hist. Inscr., iii)
the following coins are to be attributed :�




Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1�
13 (Fig. 350).
עב King in chariot, with Egyptian at-
tendant, as in preceding reign.
AR 2 shekels, 397 grs.

Id.
Id. (without attendant).
AR � shekel, 98 grs.
� shekel, 49.4 grs.

Id. (without dates) ב.
ע King slaying lion.
AR 1/16 shekel, 23.9 grs.

Id. (without dates).
King in chariot, driven by charioteer.
� .7

Id. (with dates 3-10).
King half-kneeling with spear and bow.
� .6

Head of a king (Strato I ?).
Galley. Dates 11, 12. � .6-.4


796

In the reign of Strato I the weight of the double-shekel is reduced
considerably, probably indicating a fall in the value of gold from 13-1/3: 1
to 12�: 1. The maximum weight of the reduced double-shekel during
the ensuing period is 405.9 grs. The attribution of the above bronze
coins to this reign is conjectural. There appears to be an interval of
a few years between the issues of this king and those of the next.


CLASS V. Tennes. Circ. B.C. 354-348.




Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1-4.
תע King in chariot, as in preceding
reign, but with attendant in Asiatic
dress. AR 2 shekels, 399 grs.

Id. (without dates).
תע King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel



Tennes was reigning at the time of the revolt of B.C. 351, and after his
betrayal of Sidon was put to death by Artaxerxes, circ. B.C. 348.


CLASS VI. Euagoras II of Salamis. Circ. B.C. 345-342.


Euagoras II, after the end of the Cypriote revolt, received a ηγεμονια
(Diod. xvi. 46) from the Great King, which Babelon (M��l. Num., i. p. 305)
identifies with the governorship of Sidon. To him he has attributed
double-shekels and 1/16 shekels, with types similar to those of Tennes,
but with the letters ע ע on the reverse; the double-shekels have a star
in the field of the obverse. Regnal dates 1-4.


CLASS VII. Strato II. Circ. B.C. 342-333.


To this king, who was deposed by Alexander the Great, are to be
attributed double-shekels and half-shekels of the types of Classes V
and VI, with dates 1 to 10 or 11, and letters עב. Perhaps also some
1/16 shekels similar to those of Class IV.


CLASS VIII. Mazaeus. Circ. B.C. 343-335.


The inscription מז or מזדי (the letters show Aramaizing forms) on the
coins of this class shows that they were issued by Mazaeus, presumably
as commander-in-chief in Phoenicia; they seem to have been struck
contemporaneously with the coins of the Sidonian kings, and at the
same mint. They bear dates 16-21 and 1-4, representing regnal years
of Artaxerxes III (died B.C. 337) and of Dareius III respectively. They
are double-shekels and 1/16 shekels of the usual types.


Circ. B.C. 333-202.


The coinage of Sidon with Alexandrine types falls into the following
classes (the mint-mark is usually ΣΙ; classes A to C, E, and F are inscribed
ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ):�

(A) Undated gold (symbol, palm-branch) and silver (M��ller, 1397-
1399).
(B) Gold and silver, with Phoenician alphabetical dates (ז to כ = 7 to 11.
M��ller, 1407-1409, &c.; probably from B.C. 327/6 to 323/2).

797

(C) Gold and silver with Greek alphabetical dates: (Κ to Ω = 10 to 24,
= B.C. 324/3 to 310/9 (Rouvier, 1172, 1173, 1184, 1189-
1194, 1196).
(D) Tetradrachms with name of Philip III, and dates Ν, Ο, Π = B.C.
321/0, 319/18, 318/17.
(E) Silver with the letters Α to Δ combined with Μ (Rouvier,
1185-1187).
(F) Gold staters, with symbol, star, and monograms (Rouvier,
1174-1178).
(G) Gold and silver (of M��ller�s Class V) with the inscription
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ.


Partly contemporary with, but for the most part subsequent to, this
Alexandrine coinage is the coinage of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy II's
twenty-fifth year (B.C. 261) to Ptolemy V.


Circ. B.C. 202-111.


In B.C. 202 Sidon was lost by Ptolemy V to Antiochus III, and
a Seleucid coinage of bronze probably began at once at this mint;
although, however, the mint-name is only found from Antiochus IV
to Antiochus IX. The regal issues include AR both on the Attic and on
the Phoenician standard. To this time also belongs a scanty autonomous
coinage of bronze, with types�Head of Tyche; Rudder; Aplustre;
Europa on bull (cf. Lucian, de dea Syr., 6: και το νομισμα, τω Σιδωνιοι
χρεονται, την Ευρωην εφεζομενην εχει τω ταυρω τω Διι); &c. On some of
these coins occurs a Phoenician inscription.
(or ככב)
אפא כת
צר לצדנם אם כמב
meaning �belonging to [the city of] the Sidonians, the
metropolis of Cambe (i. e. Carthage), of Hippo, of Citium, of Tyre�. More
usual is the shorter inscription לצדנם, or ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ.


B.C. 111 to Imperial Times.


In B.C. 111 the autonomous era of Sidon begins, and, with it, a long
series of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the
chief varieties. (The inscriptions are as in the previous period, and also
ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ or ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ,
ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ, and on the quasi-autonomous
coins of the Flavian period ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ
ΚΑΙ ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ)


SILVER. Phoenician Standard.




FIG. 351.

798



Head of City, turreted and veiled.
(Fig. 351.)
Eagle on prow of galley, palm over
shoulder. AR Tetradrachm 223.8 grs.

AR Didrachm 108.3 grs.



The types of the bronze coins are:�Head of Tyche; Head of Zeus;
Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate; War-galley; Eagle; Astarte on galley
or prow; Car containing baetyl of Astarte; Europa on bull; Nike on
prow; Head of young Dionysos; Dionysos standing; Dionysiac cista;
Temple between two isolated columns; &c. The quasi-autonomous
coinage ceases in A.D. 118/119.


Imperial, Augustus to Hadrian. Inscr., ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, usually with
the addition of ΙΕΡΑΣ, ΘΕΑΣ, or ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ. Types�Europa on
bull; Car of Astarte; Kadmos on prow.


Provincial billon tetradrachms of Antiochene types under Caracalla;
mint-mark, Europa on bull, or Car of Astarte.


Colonial, Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR.
PIA METROP. SIDON, &c. Types�the usual colonial types; Europa
on bull; Zeus seated; Amaltheia with infant Zeus and Goat; Astarte
with Nike and small �Marsyas� of the forum; Astarte and �Marsyas� on
a galley, with another galley alongside; Astarte riding on lion; Car
containing baetyl of Astarte, sometimes within zodiacal ring; Dionysos
alone or with Apollo; Demeter in serpent-car, or with serpent-torch, or
with Isis (?); Asklepios sacrificing; the Argo (inscr. ARGO or ΑΡΓΟΝΑΥΤ.)
with the Dioskuri on board; DIDO enthroned; Kadmos and Phoenix
(CAD. POE.) confronted; Hero (Kadmos or Phoenix) attacking lion;
Modius (representing Imperial donation of corn; inscr., AETERNVM
BENEFICIVM); Gateway of the forum; &c. Agonistic inscr., IER(a)
PERI(odica) OECV(menica) ISEL(astica) or CERT(amina) SEC(ra) PER.
OECVME. ISELA, &c.


Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre, and
Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great. The city
was situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. It was a mint
of Ptolemy V (B.C. 205-180; Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., No. 1296) and of the
Seleucidae from Antiochus IV (175-164) to Antiochus X (B.C. 94-83).
The earliest autonomous coin is bronze, of B.C. 188 (obv. Veiled female
head, rev. Caps of Dioskuri and Phoenician letters). The dominant types
throughout are connected with the Dioskuri. In B.C. 112/111, as at Sidon,
an era of autonomy is adopted, the following tetradrachms, which begin
in that year, being dated first by the Seleucid, then by the new era for
thirty-two years.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


SILVER. Phoenician Standard.




Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by
stars.
ΤΡΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ
ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟV. Tyche of City stand-
ing, holding tiller and cornucopiae;
the whole in wreath.
AR Tetradrachm 233 grs.



Also bronze with Nemesis, Tyche, &c. Other eras used are the
Pompeian (B.C. 64) and the Actian (B.C. 31); also regnal years of Cleopatra,

799

Augustus, &c.; but the Seleucid era prevails generally. In addition to
the autonomous bronze, a coin of B.C. 64/63 (obv. Head of king, rev.
Dioskuri) has been attributed to the tyrant Dionysius, whom Pompeius
put to death in that year; there are also coins of M. Antonius and Fulvia
(B.C. 42/41) and Cleopatra VII (B.C. 30-29).


Quasi-autonomous (to A.D. 69) and Imperial (to Severus Alexander).
Inscr., ΤΡΙΠΟΛ(Є)ΙΤΩΝ; under Elagabalus also ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙ(δος) and
ΝΕΩΚ(ορου). Types�Busts or figures of Dioskuri; Astarte with one
foot on prow, alone, in temple, or with Dioskuri; Temple and Great
Altar of Zeus Hagios(ΔΙΟC ΑΓΙΟΥ); Figures of ΗΛΙΟC and CЄΛΗΝΗ;
Galley (Argo ?); &c. Under Caracalla, billon tetradrachms of the
Antiochene class; mint-mark, Caps of Dioskuri.


Tyre (Sur), reputed a colony of Sidon, and its rival in wealth and
splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms and
small coins in the latter half of the fifth century B.C.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS



Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 450-400.




Dolphin swimming above waves; be-
neath, murex; illegible inscription.
Incuse square, within which Owl accom-
panied by crook and flail, Egyptian
symbols of royalty.
AR Tetradr. 215 grs.

Id.; no inscription.
Similar type. AR Drachm and Obol.

Dolphin, with or without murex.
� AR Obol.



Circ. B.C. 400-332.




FIG. 352.




Melkart holding bow and riding over
the waves upon a sea-horse; beneath
waves, a dolphin.
Owl with crook and flail; Phoenician
letters or dates sometimes in the field
(Fig. 352).
AR Tetradr. 215 grs. and Drachm.

Sea-horse and dolphin.
Similar type. AR Obol.



Circ. B.C. 332-275.


The coinage with regal types was continued after the fall of Tyre, but
probably not during Alexander�s lifetime. The standard changes to
Attic; the denominations are the didrachm and a minute coin of 8.5
grains. The only coins with Alexander�s types in this period are bronze,
one of which is dated 26 (= B.C. 307/6, according to the era of Alexander
in Phoenicia). The silver with regal types bears Phoenician letters and

800

dates from 1 to 37, according to an era which is uncertain (perhaps the
Seleucid). These coins were probably struck by rulers placed on the
throne by the Diadochi.


Circ. B.C. 267-126.


The first Ptolemaic coinage begins about B.C. 267, and is of gold or
silver marked with the monogram ΤΥ combined with the club of
Melkart. It continues down to the reign of Ptolemy V. To this period
also belongs an Alexandrine tetradrachm of M��ller�s fifth class (M��ller,
No. 1423). The Ptolemaic coinage is succeeded from B.C. 201/200 by
a Seleucid coinage of silver and bronze, the city having passed at that
date into the hands of Antiochus III. The silver is either Attic (types�
Seleucid Apollo on omphalos; Athena standing; Zeus seated) or Phoeni-
cian (type�Eagle on prow), and is marked with the mon. of ΤΥΡ, usually
combined with a club. From Antiochus IV onwards the bronze coins
bear the mint-name ΤΥΡΙΩΝ or ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, also
לצר, or לצר אם צדנם (�belonging to Tyre, metropolis of the Sidonians�).
This Seleucid coinage ends in B.C. 126/125.


Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 126/125 to A.D. 195/6.


The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began B.C. 126, and from
this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of
Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold
octadrachm (now in the Berlin Museum), struck in B.C. 103 under the
influence of Ptolemy X.




FIG. 353.




Head of the city turreted and veiled.

[Zeit. f. N., vi. 4.]
ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Double
cornucopiae. Year 23.
AV Octadr. 437.4 grs.

Head of Melkart-Herakles, laureate.
(Fig. 353).
ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Eagle
on beak of ship. In field, dates and
symbol, a club. AR 224 grs.

AR 112 grs.



The silver coinage ceased in A.D. 56/7. In part contemporary with
it are dated autonomous and quasi-autonomous bronze coins, extending
down to A.D. 195/6. Inscr. as in Seleucid period; also from
A.D. 93/94 ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕWC. Mint usually indicated by monogram of
ΤΥΡ. Types connected with Melkart; also Eagle; Palm-tree; Galley;
&c. Imperial silver or billon of the Antiochene class from Nero to

801

Macrinus have been attributed to Tyre; but the attribution is not
certain except in the case of the coins with rev. type Head of Melkart,
or with the murex-shell symbol. For a full list see Dieudonn��, M��-
langes Num. (1909), pp. 339 ff. Colonial, Sept. Severus to Gallienus. Inscr.
COLONI. SEP. TVRVS (or TVRO) METROP. or SEP. TVRO. METROP.
COL. PENIC; from Sev. Alexander onwards SEP. is omitted. During
part of the reigns of Elagabalus and Sev. Alexander Tyre was de-
prived of its rights as colony and metropolis, the coins reading
TVRIORVM. לצר occurs on a coin of Elagabalus. Types�the usual
colonial types; also Bull, the symbol of the third legion (LEG. III. GAL.);
Astarte, crowned by Victory, with �Marsyas� of the Forum (this symbol
is superseded, during the period of disgrace, by a palm-tree); Sacrifice to
Astarte by four Cities; Melkart-Herakles; Hermes-Thoth with papy-
rus-roll and ibis; Harpokrates; the Ambrosial Rocks (ΑΜΒΡΟCΙЄ
ΠЄΤΡЄ or ΠΑΙΤΡЄ) on which Tyre was founded, with sacred olive-tree
between them (in exergue, sometimes, hound discovering the purple-
shell); Baetyl encircled by serpent; Dido (ΔΙΔΩΝ or ΔЄΙΔΩΝ) build-
ing Carthag; Kadmos starting on a voyage, fighting serpent, joining
hands with Harmonia, founding Thebes (ΘΗΒЄ), or giving the alphabet
to the Greeks (ЄΛΛΗΝЄC, ΚΑΔΜΟC); Zeus as bull approaching
ЄVΡWΠΗ; Diomede carrying Palladium; WΚЄΑΝΟC reclining, wearing
crab�s claws on his head; Temple of the Phoenician Koinon (COENV
PHOENICES = Κοινον Φοινικης); Two athletes carrying table with two
crowns. Festivals�ACTIA (H)ERACLIA; ΗΡΑΚΛΙΑ ΟΛVΜΠΙΑ; ΑΚΤ.
ΗΡΑ.; ΑΚΤ. ΚΟΜ.; &c. Dates on a few coins of Gallienus reckoned from
foundation of colony, circ. A.D. 201.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF PHOENICIA.


Circ. B.C. 450.




King, wearing kidaris and kandys,
stabbing lion. [Macdonald, Hunter
Cat., iii. p. 273, Pl. lxxvii. 17.]
בענא (Baana) Cow suckling calf; dotted
incuse square. 166.5 grs.

Melkart holding up lion by tail and
striking at it with club.
Similar, but monogram instead of in-
scription. [Babelon, Perses Ach., No.
318, Pl. VIII. 1.]. 170.9 grs.

Cow suckling calf.

[Macdonald, op. cit., Pl. lxxvii. 15.]
Melkart (as on obverse of preceding);
incuse square. 164.2 grs.



Fourth century B.C.




Sea-god, with bearded head, body ter-
minating in fish-tail; in r. trident,
in l. wreath.
אז (Az?) Lion at bay on rocky ground.
[Babelon, loc. cit., No. 320, Pl. VIII.
3]. 162.5 grs.



Of these, the first three are placed here in accordance with the general
opinion; but their fabric suggests that they were issued by some Phoe-
nician ruler in Cyprus. The fourth is Phoenician, but the suggested
attributions (Ascalon, Azotus) are very doubtful.

802


X. Galilaea

[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]


Diocaesareia-Sepphoris, about five miles north of Nazareth. Imperial
of Trajan, with inscr., ΤΡΑΙΑΝΟC ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΕΔΩΚΕΝ, rev.
ΣΕΠΦΩΡΗΝΩΝ, Palm-tree; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus, with
inscr., ΔΙΟΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC. Types�Temple of Zeus; Temple of Athena;
&c. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription, ΔΙΟΚ.
ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤ. Π. Φ. C. ΙЄΡ. Β. C. Κ. Δ. Ρ., which has been con-
jecturally restored by De Saulcy (Terre-Sainte, p. 329), ΔΙΟ[ΚΑΙ-
CΑΡЄΙΑC] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] ΑCΥΛ[ΟΥ] ΑΥΤ[ΟΝΟΜΟΥ] Π[ΟΛЄΩC] Φ[ΙΛΗC]
C[ΥΜΜΑΧΟΥ] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] Β[ΟΥΛΗC] C[ΥΓΚΛΗΤΟΥ] Κ[ΑΙ] Δ[ΗΜΟΥ]
Ρ[ΩΜΑΙΩΝ].


�SNG B
�ANS


Tiberias, founded by Herod Antipas, on the shores of the Lake of
Gennesareth. Bronze of Herod Antipas. Inscr., ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ,
&c., rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, with dates of his reign corresponding to A.D. 29-34;
also of Herod Agrippa I under Claudius. Inscr., ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ. ΑΓΡΙΠ.
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΕΩΝ. Imperial, Claudius to Hadrian, with inscr., ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ
or ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟ ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ; also of Commodus, with inscr., ΤΙΒ. ΚΛ. CΥΡ.
ΠΑΛ. Types�Hygieia; Temple of Zeus; Head of Sarapis; &c. Era
begins A.D. 20 (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 334).


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS







XI. Samaria

[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]


�WW


Antipatris (probably Kafr Saba on the road between Jaffa and
Nablous), originally Kapharsaba, refounded by Herod the Great. Im-
perial � of Elagabalus; inscr., ΑΝΤ. (?) ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡ..; type�Temple
of Astarte.


�ANS


Caesareia, a splendid city and seaport founded by Herod the Great.
The town was called Καισαρεια, and its port Σεβαστος λιμην. Regal
bronze of Agrippa I (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 133) and autonomous
bronze. Type�Anchor. Imperial, Augustus to Nero, with inscr.,
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ or ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΛΙΜΕΝΙ. Imperial
colonial, Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA
AVGVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS, or CAESAREA METROPOLIS
PROVINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTINAE, variously abbreviated. Types
numerous. Among them, the Head of Sarapis; Dionysos riding on lion;
Astarte, sometimes in temple; Eagle holding wreath containing letters
SPQR; Altar-shaped enclosure containing two trees; &c. (De Saulcy,
Terre-Sainte, pp. 112 sq.).


Diospolis-Lydda, near Joppa. Imperial, Severus to Caracalla. Inscr.,
Λ. CЄΠ. CЄΟΥ. ΔΙΟCΠΟΛΙC (Lucia Septimia Severiana). Types�Heads
of Sarapis and Demeter; Astarte in temple; &c. Era begins A.D. 199/200
(Kubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.).


�ANS

803

Joppa, the port of Jerusalem, the scene of the myth of Andromeda.
It was one of the mints of the tetradrachms of Alexander�s types (M��ller,
Class IV, Nos. 1468-9), and Ptolemies II and III also struck money
there, distinguished by the letters ΙΟΠ; symbol, sometimes, harpa of
Perseus. Its later coins are autonomous bronze reading ΙΟΠΗ. Type�
Poseidon seated on rock. Imperial of Elagabalus. Inscr., ΦΛΑΟΥΙΟ.
ΙΟΠΠΗC. Type�Athena. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 177; Ham-
burger, Frankfurter M��nzblatter, i, Nos. 8, 9.)


�ANS


Neapolis, situate nearly in the centre of Samaria between the two hills,
Ebal and Gerizim. Imperial, Titus to Maximinus. Inscr., ΦΛΑΟΥΙ.
ΝΕΑΠΟΛ. ΣΑΜΑΡΕ or ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC ΠΟΛЄΩC CΥΡΙΑC ΠΑΛΑΙCΤΙΝΗC.
Era dates from A.D. 72. Imperial colonial, Philip I to Gallienus. Inscr.,
COL. NEAPOLI.; COL. IVL. NEAPOL.; or COL. SERGIA. NEAPOL.;
COL NEAPOLI NEOCORO, &c., and on the late issues ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC-
ΠΟΛЄWC ЄΠΙCΗΜΟΥ ΝЄWΚΟΡΟΥ. There are two principal types�
(a) a representation of Mount Gerizim (sometimes supported by an eagle)
with two summits, on one of which is the temple of Zeus, approached
by a flight of steps (cf. Damascius, ap. Phot. Bibl., 1055), and on the
other, a small edifice or altar; (β) Simulacrum of Jupiter Heliopoli-
tanus standing between two humped bulls; he usually holds in one
hand a whip, and in the other ears of corn. Among the other types
are the Capitoline Triad, Sarapis, Asklepios, Apollo, &c.


�WW
�ANS


Nysa Scythopolis, on the northern frontier of Samaria, close to the
Jordan. Imperial, Nero to Gordian. Inscr., ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ, ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ
ΤWΝ ΚΑΙ CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ, or ΝΥC. CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ ΙЄΡΑC.
Era uncertain. Type�Nysa nursing infant Dionysos with others of
less interest.


�ANS


Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, fortified by Herod, and renamed by him
Sebaste (Joseph., Ant. Jud., xv. 8. 5). Imperial, Nero to Severus
Alexander. Inscr., CЄΒΑCΤΗΝΩΝ, CΕΒΑCΤΗΝWΝ CΥΡΙΑC, &c., and
colonial after Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia
Lucia Septimia Sebaste. Era dates probably from B.C. 25. Types�
Rape of Persephone, &c. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 275).


�ANS


XII. Judaea

[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]


�WW


Aelia Capitolina, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A.D. 136,
after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon
Barcochba. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of
that of Jehovah. Imperial colonial, Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., COL.
AEL. CAP. or KAP., with addition, under Hadrian, of COND(ita), and
after the reign of Commodus, of the title COMM(odiana) P(ia) F(elix).
The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the Tyche of the city,
standing in her temple; Zeus enthroned in temple (Madden, Coins of the
Jews, p. 247); and the Stone of Elagabal in a chariot (Z. f. N., vii. 219).
For coins struck at Jerusalem before its destruction see pp. 768 and
806 ff.


�SNG B
�ANS

804

Anthedon or Agrippias, a coast-town, the name of which was changed by
Augustus to Agrippias, although the old name Anthedon was subsequently
restored. The coins with the head of Livia, rev. Prow, formerly attri-
buted to this place under the name of Agrippia, are now assigned to
Agrippia Caesareia (= Phanagoria) in Bosporus (see p. 495). Imperial,
Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ΑΝΘΗΔΟΝΟC. Types�
Astarte in temple; Winged Genius wearing short chiton, raising one
hand, and holding a wheel over an altar with the other.


Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the
places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the
Great (M��ller, Cl. III and IV, Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck
Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus II to Antiochus IX. Autonomous
silver and bronze from the second century B.C., mostly dated by the
Seleucid era; inscr., ΑΣ or ΑΣ. ΙΕΡΑΣ; types�Head of City, rev.




FIG. 354.


Prow; Head of Goddess, rev. Dove. The city became autonomous in
B.C. 104; from this year, or from B.C. 84 (see Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ.,
p. 313), are dated both small bronze coins and tetradrachms bearing the
portraits of the later Ptolemies, including Cleopatra VII (Fig. 354) ,
rev. ΑΣΚΑΛΩΝΙΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, Eagle on fulmen (B. M. Guide,
Pl. LXII. 18, 19). Imperial, Augustus to Severus Alexander, consisting
in the main of bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius, Messalina,
and Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., pp. 757, 771). Types�Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned; Bust of Egyptizing deity (see below). The usual types of
the bronze coins are�Galley; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche
of the city, standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside
her; Warlike divinity (ΦΑΝΗΒΑΛΟC, see Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 139;
Imhoof, Zur gr. u. r��m. M��nzk., pp. 241 f.) standing facing, brandishing
harpa above his head, and holding round shield and branch in his left;
Divinity of Egyptian aspect, with attributes of Osiris, standing on the
backs of three lions (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293). For other types and
varieties see De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, pp. 178 sqq. The Imperial coins
of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, B.C. 104. A coin
of Augustus has a second date which is reckoned from B.C. 58; regnal
years of the Emperors are also given.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial,
Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., Λ. CΕΠ. CЄΟΥΗ. ЄΛЄΥΘЄ. (Lucia Sep-
timia Severiana Eleutheropolis). Era begins A.D. 199/200 (Kubitschek,
Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.). Type�Jupiter Heliopolitanus standing
between two bulls (cf. Neapolis Samariae).


�ANS

805

Gaza, an ancient city about twenty miles south of Ascalon, which
Herodotus (iii. 5) mentions as scarcely inferior in size to Sardes, the
capital of Lydia. Its coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. has
been identified by Six (Num. Chron., 1877, p. 221), and consists of
drachms and smaller coins of Attic weight and of various types, of which
the following are the most important :�


SILVER. Attic Standard.



Janiform diademed male and female
heads, or head of Athena as on coins
of Athens.
עזה in Phoenician characters, Owl in
incuse square, sometimes before the
fortified wall of a city. AR Dr.

Id.
עז Forepart of horse; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Id.
ΑΘΕ Head of Athena; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Head of Athena.
עז Owl facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Female head.
Head of Seilenos facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Similar.
Bust of Bes facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Bearded helmeted head. [Brit. Mus.;
Pilcher, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1908,
pp. 45 f.]
יהו in Phoenician characters, Jahveh
seated on car with winged wheel.
AR Dr.



�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


For other early coins which may have been struck at Gaza see
Babelon, Perses Ach��m., pp. lv ff.


After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there under
Ptolemy II and III (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., ii. pp. 123 f., p. 165), and with
the letter מ (see below) under Demetrius I of Syria.


The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing
B.C. 61 (Sch��rer, Sitzungsb. Berl. Akad., 1896, xli. pp. 1065 f.). Inscr., ΓΑ,
ΓΑΖΑ, ΔΗΜΟΥ ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΔΗΜΟΥ CЄΛ (?) ΤWΝ ЄΝ ΓΑΖΗ (see
Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 282), ΓΑΖΑΙΤΩΝ, ΓΑΖЄΑΤΩΝ, &c.,
with addition sometimes of honorific titles, ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥ. Imperial,
Augustus to Gordian, dated according to the era B.C. 61, but also in
Hadrian�s time according to a new era commencing in A.D. 128, with
ΕΠΙ., probably referring to the επιδημια of Hadrian (Macdonald, op. cit.,
p. 283). Silver of Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., p. 764) and Diadumenian
(Id. Rev. Suisse, viii. p. 44). Inscr., ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΓΑΖΑ, &c., usually with
the addition of the Phoenician letter מ, perhaps the initial of the divinity
ΜΑΡΝΑ, whose name, as well as those of ΜЄΙΝW and ЄΙW, is met
with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza called the
Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus (De Saulcy, Terre-
Sainte, p. 210), and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and Io. There is
reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced into
Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins of
Gaza we may mention a Temple containing statues of Artemis and
Apollo; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a
bull at her feet; Tyche and Io joining hands; &c. (see also Num. Chron.,
1862, p. 120).


Nicopolis-Emmaus. There were two cities called Nicopolis in Judaea
(see L. Hamburger, Frankfurter M��nzblatter, i. (1899), Nos. 8 and 9).

806

One, close to Jerusalem (for the site see Murray�s Syria and Palestine,
1892, p. 130), was founded as a military colony by Vespasian in A.D. 71,
from which year its coins are dated. The second (Amwas, near Latron,
between Ramleh and Jerusalem) was refounded by Julius Africanus circa
A.D. 221. To the former are to be attributed quasi-autonomous and
imperial coins (inscr. ΝЄΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΤWΝ; types�Wolf fighting hog,
Zeus holding Nike, &c.) of Faustina Sen., M. Aurelius, and Lucius Verus.
To the second Hamburger assigns coins with inscr. ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙC;
type�Zeus Heliopolitanus standing between two bulls; &c. But as the
city appears to be entitled CЄΟΥΗ. ΑΝΤWΝ., as well as ΑΝΤWΝЄΙΝΟ-
ΠΟΛΙC, these coins may be of Caracalla (cf. N. Z., 33, p. 13) and
belong to the other Nicopolis.


�ANS


Raphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Rhinocolura, an ancient
city restored by Gabinius B.C. 58, the year from which its era dates.
Imperial, M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Inscr., ΡΑΦΙΑ
or ΙЄΡΑ ΡΑΦΙΑ. Types�Artemis standing; Female figure seated
between two small figures, on the head of one of whom she places her
hand; City-goddess holding infant and cornucopiae.


�ANS




Kings, Princes, and Roman Procurators of Judaea

[See especially Madden, Coins of the Jews, 1881; Kennedy in Hastings Dict. of the Bible,
art. �Money� (1900); Th. Reinach, Jewish Coins, 1903.]


�WW


The history of the coins of the Jews has been so thoroughly investi-
gated by Madden (op. cit.), Merzbacher (Zeit. f. Num., 1878), Hamburger
(ib., 1892), and Th. Reinach (op. cit.), not to mention older writers, such
as De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will suffice in
the present work. Permission was given by
Antiochus VII Sidetes to the Jews to strike coins in 139 BC, but was probably rescinded as soon as he felt strong enough to do so. Hyrcanus I finally minted the first coind in 132 BC. 
(α) Hasmonaean Princes.

�ANS


John Hyrcanus I, B.C. 135-104. Shekels similar to those of Simon,
but of year 5. Small bronze coins, usually with inscr.,
יהוחנן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים
(Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber Haje-
hudim), Johanan the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews,
rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden,
p. 76.)


�SNG B


Judas Aristobulus, B.C. 104-103. Small bronze, with inscr.,
היהודיםיהודה הכהן גדל וחבר היהודיםיהודה הכהן
, Jehudah Hakkohen Gadol Vecheber Haje-
hudim (and variations), Judas the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?)
of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82).


�ANS


Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 103-76. Small bronze of three classes
(α and β) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., יהונתן המלך (Jehona-
than Hammelek), �The King Jehonathan,� rev. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝ-
ΔΡΟΥ. Types�Flower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor. (γ) Pontifical.
coins resembling those of his predecessor, but reading
יהונתן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים
, Jonathan or Jehonathan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber
Hajehudim.


�SNG B
�ANS


Alexandra Salome, B.C. 76-67, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small
bronze with Star and Anchor. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣ. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔ., and an
obliterated Hebrew inscr. (Madden, p. 92).


John Hyrcanus II, B.C. 69, 63-57, and 47-40. Small bronze, with
Star and Anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, obv.
Flower, rev. Palm (op. cit., p. 96). Inscr.,
היהדיהוחנן הכהן הגדל החבר היהדיהוחנן הכהן

(Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hachaber Hajehud[im]).


�ANS


Alexander II (?), B.C. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would
attribute small bronze coins of the Star and Anchor type, reading
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ and
....(?)עלצדרעש ג
(Alexadras
Gadol ?), or עלכצד[ר]עש (Madden, p. 97).


Antigonus (Mattathias), B.C. 40-37. Bronze; obv. Flower, rev. Palm.
Inscr.,
מתתיה הכהן הגדל החבר היהד
(Mattathiah Hakkohen Hag-

808

gadol Hacheber Hajehud[im]), and bilingual coins with ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
ΑΝΤΙ ΓΟΝΟΥ, and similar Hebrew legend equivalent to �Mattathias the
High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews.� Types�Wreath
and Double or single cornucopiae; Seven-branched candlestick; &c.

�SNG B


(β) Idumaean Princes.


Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ.
Types�Helmet, rev. Tripod or Shield; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate;
Aplustre, rev. Palm; Tripod, rev. Wreath; Anchor, rev. Two cornua-
copiae; Eagle, rev. Cornucopiae; &c. (Madden, pp. 105 sqq.). Some coins
bear the regnal date LΓ (year 3) and ΤΡΙ(χαλκον) in monogram. The
eagle probably refers to the golden eagle which Herod set up on the
pediment of the Temple at Jerusalem, thus provoking a revolt.


�SNG B
�ANS


Herod Archelaus, B.C. 4 - A.D. 6. Bronze. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ЄΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ,
often abbreviated. Types�Anchor, rev. Wreath; Prow, rev. Wreath;
Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley; Grapes, rev. Helmet; &c. (Madden,
pp. 114 sqq.).


�SNG B
�ANS


Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilaea and Peraea, B.C. 4 - A.D. 40. Bronze,
usually with regnal dates. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, Palm-
branch, rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, Wreath; or ΗΡΩΔΗC ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΗC, Palm-
branch, with name of Emperor, ΓΑΙΟΥ (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath.
These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and
named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 121).


�SNG B
�ANS


Herod Philip II, ruler of Batanaea, Trachonitis, and Hauranitis,
B.C. 4-A.D. 33. Imperial, � Augustus and Tiberius, rev. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ
ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ or ΕΠΙΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥΚΤΙC(του). Type�Temple
of Augustus at Caesareia-Panias (Madden, p. 125).


�SNG B


Herod Agrippa I, A.D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of
Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛЄWC ΑΓΡΙΠΑ (sic), Um-
brella, rev. Three ears of corn and regnal date; ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Head of Agrippa, rev. ΚΑΙCΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟC
[CЄΒΑCΤΩ] ΛΙΜЄΝΙ, Tyche standing, struck at Caesareia; Head
of Claudius, rev. ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Two
figures in a temple.


On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all
Herod�s kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the
following inscription, which is, however, only partly legible�ΔΗΜ ..
ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Κ. CΥΜ. ΧΙ. ΑΥ. ΒΑC. ΑΓΡΙΠΑ ... ΚΛΗΤΟΝ�and of
which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see
Madden, p. 137).


�SNG B
�ANS


Agrippa I and II. Bronze; obv. Head of Agrippa I, obv. [Β]ΑΙΣΙΛΕΥΙΣ
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ, rev. [ΑΓΡΙ]ΠΠΑ ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑC[ΙΛΕΩC], Agrippa II on horse-
back (Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 290).


�SNG B


Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A.D. 41-48. Bronze.
Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛ. ΗΡΩΔΗC ΦΙΛΟΚΛΑΥΔΙΟC (Imhoof, Portr��tk��pfe. Pl. VI.
20), rev. Name of Claudius.

809


Agrippa II, A.D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias.
Inscr., [ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ΕΩΝ], Head of Agrippa II
L Ε (year 5), rev. [ΒΑΣ. ΑΓΡΙΠ]ΠΑ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑ[ΡΟΣ] (?), Two
cornuacopiae crossed (Z. f. N., xiii. Pl. IV. 17). Also bronze, without or
with heads of Emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. The
coins with the head of Nero were struck at Neronias (Caesareia Panias).
Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ, &c., and various types, among which are
Tyche holding cornucopiae and ears of corn; Nike holding wreath and
palm, or inscribing shield, &c. To A.D. 77 the coins are usually dated
by an era beginning A.D. 48; afterwards by an era of A.D. 60 (Mac-
donald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 291).


�SNG B
�ANS


Aristobulus, son of Herod king of Chalcis, and great-grandson of
Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis and parts of Armenia, A.D. 54-92 (?).
Bronze. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ, with the name of Nero or
Vespasian on reverse (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 145, and 1900, p. 484).


Aristobulus and Salome, A.D. 54-92 (?). Bronze. ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΡΙCΤΟ-
ΒΟΥΛΟΥ, rev. ΒΑΙCΙΛΙCCΗC CΑΛΩΜΗC, with portraits. (Imhoof, Por-
tr��tk��pfe, Pl. VI. 21 and 22).


(γ) Roman Procurators of Judaea, A.D. 6-66.


On the occasion of the banishment of Herod Archelaus, A.D. 6, Judaea
was added to the province of Syria, and the government administered by
a Procurator subordinate to the Praefect of Syria. Of these Procurators
(A.D. 6-66) there is a numerous class of small bronze coins resembling
in style and fabric the contemporary small money of the Idumaean
Princes, and dated according to the regnal years of the emperors.
Augustus (years 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, under the Procurators Coponius,
Ambivius, and Rufus); Tiberius (1 (?), 2-5, 6 (?), 11, 16-18, Procurators
Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate); Claudius(13, 14, Procurator Felix);
and Nero (year 5, Procurator Felix). These coins bear, as a rule, an
inanimate object (Ear of corn, Cornucopiae, Lituus, &c.), the name of the
reigning emperor or emperors, and the regnal year in Greek characters
(Madden, Coins of the Jews, pp. 173 sqq.).


(δ) Coins of the First Revolt of the Jews, A.D. 66-70.Silver shekels were issued throughout the revolt, presumably as a replacement for the shekels of Tyre which had previously been used to pay the Temple tax. Jewish law required that this be paid in pure silver, and previously this requirement had presumably been felt to override the ban on images. A different, and stricter, interpretation may well have prevailed once war broke out, requiring the production of shekels without images.

FIG. 355.807



שקל ישראל (Shekel Israel), Cup or
chalice, above which א, ב, ג, or ד
(numerals 1 to 4), referring to the
official years of Simon�s rule corre-
sponding to B.C. 139-136. On the
coins of years 2-4 the numeral is
preceded by ש (for Shenath, year).
ירושלם קדשה (Jerushalem Kedoshah), or
ירושלים הקדושה (Jerushalaim ha-kedo-
shah), �Jerusalem the Holy,� Branch
with three buds (Fig. 355)
AR Shekel 220 grs.



The half-shekels are similar, but read חצי השקל, Chatzi ha-shekel
(half-shekel).


The epithet �Holy� on these coins may be compared with the ordinary
Greek coin-legend ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ on the money of
many Syrian cities.


Bronze of the second and third years: Obv. חרות ציון (deliverance
of Zion) Vine-leaf, rev. שנת שתים or
שנת שלוש (year two or three)
Two-handled vase. Also base silver of year 2 of the same types (Hunter
Cat., iii. p. 293). Bronze of the fourth year, with the legends, obv.

שנת ארבע,
רביע שנת ארבע חצי , or
שנת ארבע,
rev. לגאלת ציון
(in the fourth year, one half or one quarter�the redemption of Zion);
types�(1) obv. Ethrog (citron) between lulabs (bunches of twigs), rev.
Palm-tree between two baskets; (2) obv. Two lulabs, rev. Ethrog;
(3) obv. Chalice, rev. Lulab between two ethrogs.


(ε) Coins struck in Palestine commemorating the Capture of
Jerusalem, A.D. 70.


After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian, Titus,
and Domitian caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend

810

ΙΟΥΔΑΙΑΣ ΕΑΛWΚΥΙΑΣ, and in Rome with the Latin legend IVDAEA
CAPTA, IVDAEA DEVICTA, &c. Full descriptions are given in Madden
(pp. 207 sqq.).


(ζ) Coins of the Second Revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochba,
A.D. 133-135.




FIG. 356.


(1) Silver shekels, or debased Attic tetradrachms, mostly restruck on
tetradrachms of Antioch of the reign of Trajan; types�obv. Portico with
four columns, rev. Ethrog and lulab or Lulab alone (Fig. 356); inscr.,
ירושלם (Jerusalem)
or שמעון (Simon),
rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of Israel),
ש ב לגאלת ישראל (second year
of the deliverance of Israel),
or לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of Jerusalem).
The name of Simon occurs only on the shekels of year 2. A star above
the portico alludes to his title �son of the star�. (2) Silver restruck over
Roman denarii (Galba to Hadrian); types�Vase, Palm-branch, Wreath,
Bunch of grapes, Two trumpets, &c. Inscr.,
אלעזר הכוהן (Eleazar the
Priest),
rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of
Israel); or obv. שמעון (Simon),
rev. לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of
Jerusalem), sometimes also with the date year 2. (3) Bronze of two de-
nominations, undated, or of year 1 or 2; some of year 1 read
שמעון נשיא ישראל (Simon, prince of Israel);
some of year 2 simply ירושלם
Types�Amphora, rev. Inscription in wreath.


�ANS


The series of the coins of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman
colony, Aelia Capitolina, described above (p. 803).

788


IX. Phoenicia


[Hill, Brit. Mus. Cat., Phoenicia, 1910; Babelon, Les Perses Ach�m�nides ... et Pho�nicie,
1893; Rouvier, Numismatique des Villes de la Ph��nicie (Journal Intern. d'Arch�ologie Numism.,
iii-vii (1900-1904).


Aradus was built on an island off the northern coast of Phoenicia.
Its coinage begins about the same time as that of Tyre and Sidon,
towards the end of the fifth century B.C.; but unlike those cities Aradus
made use of the Persic standard for its silver staters, probably on account
of its proximity to and commerce with the island of Cyprus, where alone
that standard was then in use.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


The early coinage of Aradus may be arranged in the following
classes :�


Late fifth and early fourth centuries B.C.




מא (�ex Arado�). Phoenician fish-god,
holding dolphin in each hand.
Galley with sea-horse beneath [Babe-
lon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXII. 1, &c.]
AR 55 grs., AR 27 grs.

מא Half-figure of fish-god.
Prow with dolphin beneath [Ibid., Pl.
XXII. 7, &c.]. AR 11 grs.



First half of fourth century B.C.




Head of Melkart laureate, of archaic
style. [Babelon, No. 878.]
מא Galley on waves.
AR Attic Tetradr. 257.12 grs.

Id. [Babelon, Pl. XXII. 12 f.]
Id. AR Persic Stater 165 grs., and
divisions 54, and 14.5 grs.



Circ. B.C. 350-332.




FIG. 345.


Staters similar to those of preceding period, with regnal dates (10-17)
or (numeral ?) letters (Fig. 345); this is possibly the coinage of the Gero-
stratus who sided with Alexander. Also bronze (size .55) with types,
Fish-god, rev. Galley. Certain minute AR coins (2.3 grs. and under), obv.
Bearded head, rev. Galley, Tortoise, Head of one of the Phoenician
Pataekoi, &c., probably belong to both this period and the preceding.


Circ. B.C. 332-323.


Strato, son of Gerostratus.




Head of Melkart.

[Bouvier, Villes de Pho�nicie, No. 106.]
עב (�Abdastart). Galley.
AR Obol 10 grs.


789

Circ. B.C. 330-260.


On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard
of weight for the Attic, and struck gold staters and silver tetradrachms
with Alexandrine types (M�ller, Cl. II, III, and IV, Nos. 1360-79), distinguished by the monogram (B. M. Guide, Pl. XXVII. 3, 4). Some
of these are dated by the era of the conquest of Phoenicia (B.C. 333/2).
They probably ceased with the reign of Antiochus I (B.C. 281-261), on
some of whose tetradrachms the same monogram occurs. Probably to
the same period is to be assigned the Attic tetrobol with obv. Beardless
laureate head, rev. מא Prow (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXIII. 2).


Circ. B.C. 259-171.


The era of Aradus, according to which all the subsequent coins of the
city are dated, commences in B.C. 259. The coins fall into the following
classes:�

(i) Alexandrine gold staters, silver tetradrachms, and bronze. Monogram ΑΡ.
Many of the tetradrachms (M�ller, Cl. V) bear the symbol Palm-tree,
and (α) Phoenician dates corresponding to B.C. 243-215 or (β) Greek
dates, B.C. 202-171.


(ii) The contemporary smaller coinage consists of Attic tetrobols, half-drachms,
diobols, and bronze, with Phoenician dates from B.C. 243, and the mono-
gram ΑΡ.




Head of Zeus or Melkart.
Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. AR Tetrobol, � Dr., or Diobol

Head of Tyche.
Prow. AR � Dr.

Id.
Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. � .9-.65

Id.
Stern of ship. � .7

Head of Zeus.
Beak of ship. � .7



Circ. B.C. 174-137 and later.



Head of Poseidon, crowned with marine
plant. [Babelon, Pl. XXIII. 14.]
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Zeus standing; symbol,
palm-tree; date=B.C. 174.
AR Attic Tetradr.

Bee, and dates = B.C. 174-110.

[See Ephesus, p. 575.]
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Stag and palm-tree.
AR Attic Dr.

Head of Zeus.
Beak of ship. � .7

Head of Tyche.
Poseidon seated on prow. � .85

Id.
Aplustre. � .55



Circ. B.C. 137-45.




FIG. 346.

790

Some time in the reign of Alexander Bala (B.C. 152-144) Aradus,
which had been long at feud with its neighbour Marathus, succeeded
in destroying that town, and probably obtained thenceforth a consider-
able accession of wealth and power, for we find it, shortly after that
event, in a position to send into the market vast quantities of dated
tetradrachms, the series of which extends from B.C. 137 down to B.C. 45.
The weight of these tetradrachms is Rhodian(?), being intermediate
between the Attic and Tyrian standards. The drachms with Ephesian
types (see above) continued to be issued until B.C. 110.




Head of Tyche, veiled and turreted
(Fig. 346).
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Nike standing, holding
aplustre and palm; in field, Greek
date and Phoenician and Greek
letters. AR Tetradr. 239 grs.

Head of Zeus.
Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
130-110). AR Tetrobol

� size .6

Head of Tyche.
Prow (B.C. 119-109). AR � Dr.

Head of Gorgon.
Aplustre (B.C. 111, 110). AR Diobol

Head of Astarte veiled.
Humped bull (B.C. 96). AR Drachm

Id.
Id. (B.C. 94-21). � .85

Head of Tyche.
Poseidon seated on prow. � .85

Heads of Zeus and a goddess jugate.
Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
137-52). � .75

Head of Zeus.
Prow (B.C. 84-45). � .7



Bronze coins with the head of M. Antonius were issued in B.C. 38/7
and 35/4.


Imperial, Tiberius to Gordian. Inscr., ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ. Usual types�
Head of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of
the Emperor, smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull;
Tyche seated on rudder; Vase between two sphinxes; Cypress-tree
between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard.


Also occasional quasi-autonomous coins, partly with the old types, to
A.D. 116. A silver tetradrachm of Caracalla of the Antiochene class
(symbol, crab and crescent) may have been issued at Aradus or Ascalon
(Imhoof-Blumer, Gr. M��nzen, 786).


Berytus (Beyrout), a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. It was
a mint for AV, AR, and � of Ptolemy II, III, and V (symbol, trident), and
also for Seleucid AR and � (Antiochus IV to Antiochus VIII). In the
second century the coins hear a Phoenician inscription ללאדכא אש בכנען
meaning �of Laodiceia which is in Canaan� (i. e. Phoenicia) (Rev. Arch.,
1897, p. 302); also often the letters ΛΑ ΦΟΙ or ΒΗ ΦΟL Autonomous
� from second century; inscr. as above, or �of Berit� in Phoenician;
later ΒΗΡΥΤΙWΝ. Types�Head of Tyche; Poseidon in car drawn by
hippocamps; Astarte on prow, &c. Era begins B.C. 80. � of
Cleopatra VII (q.v.), in B.C. 31 (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., 1886-9). Colonial
(from circ. B.C. 15), Augustus to Salonina; also small bronze without
Emperors� heads. Inscr., BER., C. B., COL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. FEL.
BER., COL. ANT. AVG. FEL. BER., &c. Other inscriptions: SEC(uritas)
SAEC(uli); DECENNALES ANTONINI COS III. Types�usual colonial;
Astarte; Temple of Astarte; Poseidon; Temple of Poseidon; Poseidon

791

seizing Bero��; Dionysos; Agora gateway with figure of �Marsyas�; the
eight Kabiri; Eshmun-Asklepios with two serpents, &c. Under Cara-
calla and Macrinus, silver �Antiochene� tetradrachms; symbol, trident
and dolphin.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


Botrys, between Byblus and Tripolis. Quasi-autonomous (time of
Augustus) and Imperial (Elagabalus to Severus Alexander). Inscr.,
ΒΟΤΡΥΗΝWΝ. Era (Actian) begins B.C. 31. Types�Astarte in temple;
Grapes; Amphora.


�ANS


Byblus (Gebal), a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, between
Botrys and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who was
here worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled to
have come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containing
the corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus are
autonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Azbaal, Ainel
or Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333 (Arrian,
ii. 20. 1) and Adramelek, B.C. 315 (?) (Six, Num. Chron., 1877, p. 182).


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 400-315 (?).



Galley, with horse�s head as figure-
head, manned by three armed men;
beneath, hippocamp.
Vulture standing on an incuse ram.
AR Stater and Fourth; also smaller
divisions varied. [De Luynes, Satrap.,
Pl. XVI. 46, 47.]

Id.

[Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI. 12.]
Lion devouring a bull, of which the
head is in relief and the body incuse.
Inscr. in Phoenician letters לפעל מלך גבל (= Elpaal Melek Gebal).
AR Stater and divisions.

Id. [Babelon. Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI.
20, &c.]
Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni-
cian letters עזבעל מלך גבל (= Azbaal
Melek Gebal); עינאל מלך גבל (=

Ainel Melek Gebal); or גבלאדרמלך מלך
(= Adramelek Melek Gebal).
AR 213 grs. and 13 grs.



Second and first centuries B.C.


The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the Seleucidae from Antiochus IV
to Antiochus VIII, rev. usually Phoenician god Kronos represented as a
standing figure with six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num.,
1856, p. 394, and Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442).


There are also autonomous bronze coins of the first century B.C.;
inscr. in Phoenician letters לגבל קדשת �of Gebal the holy�. Types�
Head of Tyche; Kronos; Isis Pharia; Crown of ΕΙCΙC; Isis-Astarte
standing; Harpokrates; &c. (Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442). Quasi-auto-
nomous �, dated by Actian Era. Imperial �, Augustus to Severus Alex-
ander. Inscr., ΒΥΒΛΙΩΝ, ΒΥΒΛΟΥ ΙЄΡΑC, &c. Usual types�Temple
of Astarte, in which her statue standing with one foot on prow; Isis
Pharia; Temple with court containing conical baetyl; &c.


Caesareia ad Libanum, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon.
Imperial, Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. Inscr., ΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC ΛΙ-

792

ΒΑΝΟΥ or ΚΑΙCΑΡЄΩΝ ΤΩΝ ЄΝ ΤΩ ΛΙΒΑΝΩ, with Seleucid dates.
Colonial�Elagabalus to Severus Alexander, COL. CAESAREA LIB.;
sometimes also ITVR(aeae ?). Types�Half-length simulacrum of Astarte
in temple (as described by Macrobius, Sat., i. 21. 5); Astarte in Temple,
crowned by standing figure, River-god at her feet. Dates according to
the Seleucid era.


�ANS


Carne or Carnos. To this place, the mainland port of Aradus (Strabo,
753), coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the
era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 226-137. Inscr., ΚΑΡ or קרן.
Alexandrine AR tetradrachm; AR Attic tetrobols with Aradian types or
Cornucopiae; � with Aradian types, also Asklepios-Eshmun crowned
by Nike; Cornucopiae; &c.


�WW
�ANS


Dora (Tantura), in the south of Phoenicia. Autonomous (first cen-
tury B.C.) and Imperial, Vespasian to Antoninus Pius, with Greek dates
computed from the Pompeian era, B.C. 64. Inscr., ΔWΡΙΤWΝ,
ΔWΡ. ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤΟΝ. ΝΑΥΑΡΧ[ιδοσ], ΔWΡΑ ΙЄΡΑ. Types�Head
of Doros or Tyche, rev. Astarte standing holding vexillum.


�ANS


Gebal. See Byblus.


Laodiceia Phoeniciae. See Berytus.


Marathus (site Amrit). This important city was the most northern
coast town of Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neigh-
bour Aradus, which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between
B.C. 149 and 145, in the reign of Alexander Bala; it was subsequently
revived (perhaps as an Aradian colony).


�WW
�ANS


Its earliest coins are a silver drachm of the types of the Alexandrine
AV Staters (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVIII. 1) and tetradrachms with
Alexandrine types (M��ller, 1396; symbol, Palm-tree), dated in the thirtieth
year of the era of Aradus (B.C. 259) = B.C. 229. Shortly after this the
series of the Marathenian coins begins, and extends down to circ. B.C. 150.
The silver coins have Greek legends and the bronze Phoenician, nearly
all being dated in the usual Phoenician manner, e.g. ΙΙΙ�ΝΝΝשת
(= Shenath 73).




FIG. 347.


Attic Standard.



Head of the city, turreted (Fig. 347).
ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos holding ap-
lustre and branch, seated on shields.
In front, Phoenician date 33 (= B.C.
226). AR Attic tetradr. 258 grs.


793



Head of Queen Berenice II (?), veiled.
ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos standing
beside column, holding aplustre.
Phoenician date 34 (= B.C. 225) and
73. AR 36 grs.

Id.
מרת Asklepios-Eshmun, with serpent
staff. Dates 33 and 35. � .8

Id.
מרת Marathos standing. Dates 40-
108. � .9

Id.
Prow. Date 73. � .6

Bust of Ptolemy VI as Hermes.
מרת Marathos standing. Dates 80-91.
� .85

Bust of Tyche.
Id. Dates 103-105. � .65

Female bust, laureate.
מרת Nike. Dates 85-90. � .65

Head of Zeus.
ΜΑΡΑ or no city-name. Double cor-
nucopiae. Phoenician dates 120-
168, Greek dates 236-375. � .9



For other types see Rouvier, Num. des Villes de la Ph��nicie.


Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze of first
century B.C., and quasi-autonomous. Inscr., ΟΡΘΩΣΙΕΩΝ; chief type�
Dionysos Pogon in car drawn by winged panthers. Era, Seleucid.
Imperial, Nero to Severus Alexander. Types�Dionysos (as on earlier
coins); Temple of Astarte; &c.


�WW
�ANS


Ptolemais-Ace (�Akka, St. Jean d'Acre). The coinage of this city begins
with Alexander the Great; staters and tetradrachms with dates 6-40, i. e.
by the era of Alexander in Phoenicia, from B.C. 328/7 to 294/3; also
undated, during the period 332-328. On these coins the city is named
Ace (עך). It was re-named Ptolemais by Ptolemy II. The Ptolemaic
coinage begins in B.C. 261 (a few undated pieces may be earlier), and
continues until the acquisition of the city by Antiochus III in B.C. 200.
Seleucid coinage from Antiochus IV to Antiochus XII (circ. B.C. 175-84);
interrupted by a coin struck by Ptolemy VI in B.C. 148, during the
struggle between Alexander Bala and Demetrius. The mint-mark is
usually a monogram of ΠΤ or ΠΤΟ; we also find ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ
ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ from Antiochus IV (who therefore founded a colony
there named after himself) to the first century B.C. The other names
survived, however; עך and ΠΤΟ are found on contemporary coins.
From circa B.C. 44 the coins read ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑ(Ι)ΕΩΝ, sometimes also
ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ or ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, and are dated by the Caesarean
era (B.C. 48). Coins struck probably about B.C. 4 read ΑΚΗ, usually
also ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, variously abbreviated. Under Claudius
the title is ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ. Types through-
out the autonomous period�Triptolemos (?) with sceptre and ears of
corn; Zeus; Tyche standing on rudder, holding aplustre; Perseus; &c.
Claudius made it a colony between A.D. 52 and 54, with the title
Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais. Colonial coinage from Nero to Gal-
lienus. Inscr., usually COL. PTOL.; other titles CL(audia) FELIX, and
under Nero also STAB(ilis?) GER(manica). Era, Caesarean. Types�
Emperor DIVOS CLAVD(ius) ploughing the sulcus primigenius, with
standards of four legions, the III (Gallica), VI (Ferrata), X (Fretensis),
and XII (Fulminata). River-god Belos, alone or at feet of Tyche, or with

794

another figure (Mountain-god ?). View of the port of Ace. View of the
acropolis. Aphrodite of �Medici� type. Neptune with trident and dolphin,
boar, and standard (emblems of Tenth legion). Rape of Persephone.
Temple of Artemis, surrounded by zodiac. Types relating to Sarapis,
Isis, and Harpokrates. Bust of a fire-deity (?) with torch and peculiar
head-dress. Deity in Egyptian shrine, holding double-axe, sometimes
with bucrania at his feet. Two Nemeses holding serpent-staves. Perseus
holding head of Medusa. Tree between two altars with serpents. Model
of human foot (cf. Alexandreia in Egypt and Aegeae in Cilicia). The
thunderbolt, harpa, and caduceus are common symbols in the field of all
the later coins.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


Sidon. To this great maritime city, the ancient metropolis of
Phoenicia, belongs the most important coinage of this part of the world
down to the time of Alexander the Great. It begins about the end of the
fifth century, is of the Phoenician standard, and is to be divided into
the following classes. A cable border characterizes the larger coins
in Classes II-IV :�


CLASS I. Uncertain King (Eshmun'azar ?). End of fifth century B.C.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS




FIG. 348.




Galley with square-sail furled (Fig.
348).
Incuse square. King of Persia in chariot,
driven by charioteer; in field, fore-
part of wild goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 422.5 grs.

Id.
Incuse square. King shooting; in field,
heads of goat and Hes, incuse.
AR � shekel, 109.1 grs.

Id.
Incuse square. King running, shooting.
AR 1/16 shekel, 12.8 grs.

Id.
Head of Bes. AR 1/32 shekel, 4.8 grs.

Id., but sail triangular.
Incuse circle. King shooting.
AR � shekel, 98 grs.



Class II. Uncertain king. Circ. B.C. 400-384.




FIG. 349.

795



Galley before fortified wall of a city. In
exergue, two lions (Fig. 349).
Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
at full speed by charioteer; beneath,
wild-goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 436 grs.

Id.
Incuse square. King slaying lion with
sword. AR � shekel, 108.7 grs.



These usually bear Aramaic letters, such as עב, בע, בם, the meaning
of which is not certain. To the same class belong 1/16 and 1/64 shekels, rev.
type, King running, shooting; and 1/32 shekels, rev. type, King half-kneel-
ing, holding bow and spear. See Rouvier in Journ. Int., 1902, p. 102 f.


CLASS III. Uncertain King (Bod'ashtart ?). Circ. B.C. 384-370.

(With letter ב on obverse or reverse).




Galley with rowers, at sea.
Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
slowly by charioteer; behind him, an
attendant in Egyptian royal costume.
On one specimen the date 14.
AR 2 shekels, 441.4 grs.

Id.
Id. (without attendant). AR � shekel

Id.
King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel

Id.
King kneeling, shooting. AR 1/32 shekel



The Egyptian king following the car of the Great King probably
symbolizes the nominal subjection of Egypt to Persia after the death of
Hakor in B.C. 383.


CLASS IV. Strato I (�Abd'ashtart). Circ. B.C. 370-358.




FIG. 350.


To this celebrated phil-Athenian ruler (Hicks, Gk. Hist. Inscr., iii)
the following coins are to be attributed :�




Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1�
13 (Fig. 350).
עב King in chariot, with Egyptian at-
tendant, as in preceding reign.
AR 2 shekels, 397 grs.

Id.
Id. (without attendant).
AR � shekel, 98 grs.
� shekel, 49.4 grs.

Id. (without dates) ב.
ע King slaying lion.
AR 1/16 shekel, 23.9 grs.

Id. (without dates).
King in chariot, driven by charioteer.
� .7

Id. (with dates 3-10).
King half-kneeling with spear and bow.
� .6

Head of a king (Strato I ?).
Galley. Dates 11, 12. � .6-.4


796

In the reign of Strato I the weight of the double-shekel is reduced
considerably, probably indicating a fall in the value of gold from 13-1/3: 1
to 12�: 1. The maximum weight of the reduced double-shekel during
the ensuing period is 405.9 grs. The attribution of the above bronze
coins to this reign is conjectural. There appears to be an interval of
a few years between the issues of this king and those of the next.


CLASS V. Tennes. Circ. B.C. 354-348.




Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1-4.
תע King in chariot, as in preceding
reign, but with attendant in Asiatic
dress. AR 2 shekels, 399 grs.

Id. (without dates).
תע King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel



Tennes was reigning at the time of the revolt of B.C. 351, and after his
betrayal of Sidon was put to death by Artaxerxes, circ. B.C. 348.


CLASS VI. Euagoras II of Salamis. Circ. B.C. 345-342.


Euagoras II, after the end of the Cypriote revolt, received a ηγεμονια
(Diod. xvi. 46) from the Great King, which Babelon (M��l. Num., i. p. 305)
identifies with the governorship of Sidon. To him he has attributed
double-shekels and 1/16 shekels, with types similar to those of Tennes,
but with the letters ע ע on the reverse; the double-shekels have a star
in the field of the obverse. Regnal dates 1-4.


CLASS VII. Strato II. Circ. B.C. 342-333.


To this king, who was deposed by Alexander the Great, are to be
attributed double-shekels and half-shekels of the types of Classes V
and VI, with dates 1 to 10 or 11, and letters עב. Perhaps also some
1/16 shekels similar to those of Class IV.


CLASS VIII. Mazaeus. Circ. B.C. 343-335.


The inscription מז or מזדי (the letters show Aramaizing forms) on the
coins of this class shows that they were issued by Mazaeus, presumably
as commander-in-chief in Phoenicia; they seem to have been struck
contemporaneously with the coins of the Sidonian kings, and at the
same mint. They bear dates 16-21 and 1-4, representing regnal years
of Artaxerxes III (died B.C. 337) and of Dareius III respectively. They
are double-shekels and 1/16 shekels of the usual types.


Circ. B.C. 333-202.


The coinage of Sidon with Alexandrine types falls into the following
classes (the mint-mark is usually ΣΙ; classes A to C, E, and F are inscribed
ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ):�

(A) Undated gold (symbol, palm-branch) and silver (M��ller, 1397-
1399).
(B) Gold and silver, with Phoenician alphabetical dates (ז to כ = 7 to 11.
M��ller, 1407-1409, &c.; probably from B.C. 327/6 to 323/2).

797

(C) Gold and silver with Greek alphabetical dates: (Κ to Ω = 10 to 24,
= B.C. 324/3 to 310/9 (Rouvier, 1172, 1173, 1184, 1189-
1194, 1196).
(D) Tetradrachms with name of Philip III, and dates Ν, Ο, Π = B.C.
321/0, 319/18, 318/17.
(E) Silver with the letters Α to Δ combined with Μ (Rouvier,
1185-1187).
(F) Gold staters, with symbol, star, and monograms (Rouvier,
1174-1178).
(G) Gold and silver (of M��ller�s Class V) with the inscription
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ.


Partly contemporary with, but for the most part subsequent to, this
Alexandrine coinage is the coinage of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy II's
twenty-fifth year (B.C. 261) to Ptolemy V.


Circ. B.C. 202-111.


In B.C. 202 Sidon was lost by Ptolemy V to Antiochus III, and
a Seleucid coinage of bronze probably began at once at this mint;
although, however, the mint-name is only found from Antiochus IV
to Antiochus IX. The regal issues include AR both on the Attic and on
the Phoenician standard. To this time also belongs a scanty autonomous
coinage of bronze, with types�Head of Tyche; Rudder; Aplustre;
Europa on bull (cf. Lucian, de dea Syr., 6: και το νομισμα, τω Σιδωνιοι
χρεονται, την Ευρωην εφεζομενην εχει τω ταυρω τω Διι); &c. On some of
these coins occurs a Phoenician inscription.
(or ככב)
אפא כת
צר לצדנם אם כמב
meaning �belonging to [the city of] the Sidonians, the
metropolis of Cambe (i. e. Carthage), of Hippo, of Citium, of Tyre�. More
usual is the shorter inscription לצדנם, or ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ.


B.C. 111 to Imperial Times.


In B.C. 111 the autonomous era of Sidon begins, and, with it, a long
series of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the
chief varieties. (The inscriptions are as in the previous period, and also
ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ or ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ,
ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ, and on the quasi-autonomous
coins of the Flavian period ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ
ΚΑΙ ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ)


SILVER. Phoenician Standard.




FIG. 351.

798



Head of City, turreted and veiled.
(Fig. 351.)
Eagle on prow of galley, palm over
shoulder. AR Tetradrachm 223.8 grs.

AR Didrachm 108.3 grs.



The types of the bronze coins are:�Head of Tyche; Head of Zeus;
Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate; War-galley; Eagle; Astarte on galley
or prow; Car containing baetyl of Astarte; Europa on bull; Nike on
prow; Head of young Dionysos; Dionysos standing; Dionysiac cista;
Temple between two isolated columns; &c. The quasi-autonomous
coinage ceases in A.D. 118/119.


Imperial, Augustus to Hadrian. Inscr., ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, usually with
the addition of ΙΕΡΑΣ, ΘΕΑΣ, or ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ. Types�Europa on
bull; Car of Astarte; Kadmos on prow.


Provincial billon tetradrachms of Antiochene types under Caracalla;
mint-mark, Europa on bull, or Car of Astarte.


Colonial, Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR.
PIA METROP. SIDON, &c. Types�the usual colonial types; Europa
on bull; Zeus seated; Amaltheia with infant Zeus and Goat; Astarte
with Nike and small �Marsyas� of the forum; Astarte and �Marsyas� on
a galley, with another galley alongside; Astarte riding on lion; Car
containing baetyl of Astarte, sometimes within zodiacal ring; Dionysos
alone or with Apollo; Demeter in serpent-car, or with serpent-torch, or
with Isis (?); Asklepios sacrificing; the Argo (inscr. ARGO or ΑΡΓΟΝΑΥΤ.)
with the Dioskuri on board; DIDO enthroned; Kadmos and Phoenix
(CAD. POE.) confronted; Hero (Kadmos or Phoenix) attacking lion;
Modius (representing Imperial donation of corn; inscr., AETERNVM
BENEFICIVM); Gateway of the forum; &c. Agonistic inscr., IER(a)
PERI(odica) OECV(menica) ISEL(astica) or CERT(amina) SEC(ra) PER.
OECVME. ISELA, &c.


Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre, and
Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great. The city
was situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. It was a mint
of Ptolemy V (B.C. 205-180; Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., No. 1296) and of the
Seleucidae from Antiochus IV (175-164) to Antiochus X (B.C. 94-83).
The earliest autonomous coin is bronze, of B.C. 188 (obv. Veiled female
head, rev. Caps of Dioskuri and Phoenician letters). The dominant types
throughout are connected with the Dioskuri. In B.C. 112/111, as at Sidon,
an era of autonomy is adopted, the following tetradrachms, which begin
in that year, being dated first by the Seleucid, then by the new era for
thirty-two years.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


SILVER. Phoenician Standard.




Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by
stars.
ΤΡΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ
ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟV. Tyche of City stand-
ing, holding tiller and cornucopiae;
the whole in wreath.
AR Tetradrachm 233 grs.



Also bronze with Nemesis, Tyche, &c. Other eras used are the
Pompeian (B.C. 64) and the Actian (B.C. 31); also regnal years of Cleopatra,

799

Augustus, &c.; but the Seleucid era prevails generally. In addition to
the autonomous bronze, a coin of B.C. 64/63 (obv. Head of king, rev.
Dioskuri) has been attributed to the tyrant Dionysius, whom Pompeius
put to death in that year; there are also coins of M. Antonius and Fulvia
(B.C. 42/41) and Cleopatra VII (B.C. 30-29).


Quasi-autonomous (to A.D. 69) and Imperial (to Severus Alexander).
Inscr., ΤΡΙΠΟΛ(Є)ΙΤΩΝ; under Elagabalus also ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙ(δος) and
ΝΕΩΚ(ορου). Types�Busts or figures of Dioskuri; Astarte with one
foot on prow, alone, in temple, or with Dioskuri; Temple and Great
Altar of Zeus Hagios(ΔΙΟC ΑΓΙΟΥ); Figures of ΗΛΙΟC and CЄΛΗΝΗ;
Galley (Argo ?); &c. Under Caracalla, billon tetradrachms of the
Antiochene class; mint-mark, Caps of Dioskuri.


Tyre (Sur), reputed a colony of Sidon, and its rival in wealth and
splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms and
small coins in the latter half of the fifth century B.C.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS



Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 450-400.




Dolphin swimming above waves; be-
neath, murex; illegible inscription.
Incuse square, within which Owl accom-
panied by crook and flail, Egyptian
symbols of royalty.
AR Tetradr. 215 grs.

Id.; no inscription.
Similar type. AR Drachm and Obol.

Dolphin, with or without murex.
� AR Obol.



Circ. B.C. 400-332.




FIG. 352.




Melkart holding bow and riding over
the waves upon a sea-horse; beneath
waves, a dolphin.
Owl with crook and flail; Phoenician
letters or dates sometimes in the field
(Fig. 352).
AR Tetradr. 215 grs. and Drachm.

Sea-horse and dolphin.
Similar type. AR Obol.



Circ. B.C. 332-275.


The coinage with regal types was continued after the fall of Tyre, but
probably not during Alexander�s lifetime. The standard changes to
Attic; the denominations are the didrachm and a minute coin of 8.5
grains. The only coins with Alexander�s types in this period are bronze,
one of which is dated 26 (= B.C. 307/6, according to the era of Alexander
in Phoenicia). The silver with regal types bears Phoenician letters and

800

dates from 1 to 37, according to an era which is uncertain (perhaps the
Seleucid). These coins were probably struck by rulers placed on the
throne by the Diadochi.


Circ. B.C. 267-126.


The first Ptolemaic coinage begins about B.C. 267, and is of gold or
silver marked with the monogram ΤΥ combined with the club of
Melkart. It continues down to the reign of Ptolemy V. To this period
also belongs an Alexandrine tetradrachm of M��ller�s fifth class (M��ller,
No. 1423). The Ptolemaic coinage is succeeded from B.C. 201/200 by
a Seleucid coinage of silver and bronze, the city having passed at that
date into the hands of Antiochus III. The silver is either Attic (types�
Seleucid Apollo on omphalos; Athena standing; Zeus seated) or Phoeni-
cian (type�Eagle on prow), and is marked with the mon. of ΤΥΡ, usually
combined with a club. From Antiochus IV onwards the bronze coins
bear the mint-name ΤΥΡΙΩΝ or ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, also
לצר, or לצר אם צדנם (�belonging to Tyre, metropolis of the Sidonians�).
This Seleucid coinage ends in B.C. 126/125.


Phoenician Standard, circ. B.C. 126/125 to A.D. 195/6.


The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began B.C. 126, and from
this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of
Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold
octadrachm (now in the Berlin Museum), struck in B.C. 103 under the
influence of Ptolemy X.




FIG. 353.




Head of the city turreted and veiled.

[Zeit. f. N., vi. 4.]
ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Double
cornucopiae. Year 23.
AV Octadr. 437.4 grs.

Head of Melkart-Herakles, laureate.
(Fig. 353).
ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Eagle
on beak of ship. In field, dates and
symbol, a club. AR 224 grs.

AR 112 grs.



The silver coinage ceased in A.D. 56/7. In part contemporary with
it are dated autonomous and quasi-autonomous bronze coins, extending
down to A.D. 195/6. Inscr. as in Seleucid period; also from
A.D. 93/94 ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕWC. Mint usually indicated by monogram of
ΤΥΡ. Types connected with Melkart; also Eagle; Palm-tree; Galley;
&c. Imperial silver or billon of the Antiochene class from Nero to

801

Macrinus have been attributed to Tyre; but the attribution is not
certain except in the case of the coins with rev. type Head of Melkart,
or with the murex-shell symbol. For a full list see Dieudonn��, M��-
langes Num. (1909), pp. 339 ff. Colonial, Sept. Severus to Gallienus. Inscr.
COLONI. SEP. TVRVS (or TVRO) METROP. or SEP. TVRO. METROP.
COL. PENIC; from Sev. Alexander onwards SEP. is omitted. During
part of the reigns of Elagabalus and Sev. Alexander Tyre was de-
prived of its rights as colony and metropolis, the coins reading
TVRIORVM. לצר occurs on a coin of Elagabalus. Types�the usual
colonial types; also Bull, the symbol of the third legion (LEG. III. GAL.);
Astarte, crowned by Victory, with �Marsyas� of the Forum (this symbol
is superseded, during the period of disgrace, by a palm-tree); Sacrifice to
Astarte by four Cities; Melkart-Herakles; Hermes-Thoth with papy-
rus-roll and ibis; Harpokrates; the Ambrosial Rocks (ΑΜΒΡΟCΙЄ
ΠЄΤΡЄ or ΠΑΙΤΡЄ) on which Tyre was founded, with sacred olive-tree
between them (in exergue, sometimes, hound discovering the purple-
shell); Baetyl encircled by serpent; Dido (ΔΙΔΩΝ or ΔЄΙΔΩΝ) build-
ing Carthag; Kadmos starting on a voyage, fighting serpent, joining
hands with Harmonia, founding Thebes (ΘΗΒЄ), or giving the alphabet
to the Greeks (ЄΛΛΗΝЄC, ΚΑΔΜΟC); Zeus as bull approaching
ЄVΡWΠΗ; Diomede carrying Palladium; WΚЄΑΝΟC reclining, wearing
crab�s claws on his head; Temple of the Phoenician Koinon (COENV
PHOENICES = Κοινον Φοινικης); Two athletes carrying table with two
crowns. Festivals�ACTIA (H)ERACLIA; ΗΡΑΚΛΙΑ ΟΛVΜΠΙΑ; ΑΚΤ.
ΗΡΑ.; ΑΚΤ. ΚΟΜ.; &c. Dates on a few coins of Gallienus reckoned from
foundation of colony, circ. A.D. 201.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF PHOENICIA.


Circ. B.C. 450.




King, wearing kidaris and kandys,
stabbing lion. [Macdonald, Hunter
Cat., iii. p. 273, Pl. lxxvii. 17.]
בענא (Baana) Cow suckling calf; dotted
incuse square. 166.5 grs.

Melkart holding up lion by tail and
striking at it with club.
Similar, but monogram instead of in-
scription. [Babelon, Perses Ach., No.
318, Pl. VIII. 1.]. 170.9 grs.

Cow suckling calf.

[Macdonald, op. cit., Pl. lxxvii. 15.]
Melkart (as on obverse of preceding);
incuse square. 164.2 grs.



Fourth century B.C.




Sea-god, with bearded head, body ter-
minating in fish-tail; in r. trident,
in l. wreath.
אז (Az?) Lion at bay on rocky ground.
[Babelon, loc. cit., No. 320, Pl. VIII.
3]. 162.5 grs.



Of these, the first three are placed here in accordance with the general
opinion; but their fabric suggests that they were issued by some Phoe-
nician ruler in Cyprus. The fourth is Phoenician, but the suggested
attributions (Ascalon, Azotus) are very doubtful.

802


X. Galilaea

[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]


Diocaesareia-Sepphoris, about five miles north of Nazareth. Imperial
of Trajan, with inscr., ΤΡΑΙΑΝΟC ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΕΔΩΚΕΝ, rev.
ΣΕΠΦΩΡΗΝΩΝ, Palm-tree; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus, with
inscr., ΔΙΟΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC. Types�Temple of Zeus; Temple of Athena;
&c. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription, ΔΙΟΚ.
ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤ. Π. Φ. C. ΙЄΡ. Β. C. Κ. Δ. Ρ., which has been con-
jecturally restored by De Saulcy (Terre-Sainte, p. 329), ΔΙΟ[ΚΑΙ-
CΑΡЄΙΑC] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] ΑCΥΛ[ΟΥ] ΑΥΤ[ΟΝΟΜΟΥ] Π[ΟΛЄΩC] Φ[ΙΛΗC]
C[ΥΜΜΑΧΟΥ] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] Β[ΟΥΛΗC] C[ΥΓΚΛΗΤΟΥ] Κ[ΑΙ] Δ[ΗΜΟΥ]
Ρ[ΩΜΑΙΩΝ].


�SNG B
�ANS


Tiberias, founded by Herod Antipas, on the shores of the Lake of
Gennesareth. Bronze of Herod Antipas. Inscr., ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ,
&c., rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, with dates of his reign corresponding to A.D. 29-34;
also of Herod Agrippa I under Claudius. Inscr., ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ. ΑΓΡΙΠ.
ΤΙΒΕΡΙΕΩΝ. Imperial, Claudius to Hadrian, with inscr., ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ
or ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟ ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ; also of Commodus, with inscr., ΤΙΒ. ΚΛ. CΥΡ.
ΠΑΛ. Types�Hygieia; Temple of Zeus; Head of Sarapis; &c. Era
begins A.D. 20 (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 334).


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS







XI. Samaria

[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]


�WW


Antipatris (probably Kafr Saba on the road between Jaffa and
Nablous), originally Kapharsaba, refounded by Herod the Great. Im-
perial � of Elagabalus; inscr., ΑΝΤ. (?) ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡ..; type�Temple
of Astarte.


�ANS


Caesareia, a splendid city and seaport founded by Herod the Great.
The town was called Καισαρεια, and its port Σεβαστος λιμην. Regal
bronze of Agrippa I (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 133) and autonomous
bronze. Type�Anchor. Imperial, Augustus to Nero, with inscr.,
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ or ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΛΙΜΕΝΙ. Imperial
colonial, Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA
AVGVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS, or CAESAREA METROPOLIS
PROVINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTINAE, variously abbreviated. Types
numerous. Among them, the Head of Sarapis; Dionysos riding on lion;
Astarte, sometimes in temple; Eagle holding wreath containing letters
SPQR; Altar-shaped enclosure containing two trees; &c. (De Saulcy,
Terre-Sainte, pp. 112 sq.).


Diospolis-Lydda, near Joppa. Imperial, Severus to Caracalla. Inscr.,
Λ. CЄΠ. CЄΟΥ. ΔΙΟCΠΟΛΙC (Lucia Septimia Severiana). Types�Heads
of Sarapis and Demeter; Astarte in temple; &c. Era begins A.D. 199/200
(Kubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.).


�ANS

803

Joppa, the port of Jerusalem, the scene of the myth of Andromeda.
It was one of the mints of the tetradrachms of Alexander�s types (M��ller,
Class IV, Nos. 1468-9), and Ptolemies II and III also struck money
there, distinguished by the letters ΙΟΠ; symbol, sometimes, harpa of
Perseus. Its later coins are autonomous bronze reading ΙΟΠΗ. Type�
Poseidon seated on rock. Imperial of Elagabalus. Inscr., ΦΛΑΟΥΙΟ.
ΙΟΠΠΗC. Type�Athena. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 177; Ham-
burger, Frankfurter M��nzblatter, i, Nos. 8, 9.)


�ANS


Neapolis, situate nearly in the centre of Samaria between the two hills,
Ebal and Gerizim. Imperial, Titus to Maximinus. Inscr., ΦΛΑΟΥΙ.
ΝΕΑΠΟΛ. ΣΑΜΑΡΕ or ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC ΠΟΛЄΩC CΥΡΙΑC ΠΑΛΑΙCΤΙΝΗC.
Era dates from A.D. 72. Imperial colonial, Philip I to Gallienus. Inscr.,
COL. NEAPOLI.; COL. IVL. NEAPOL.; or COL. SERGIA. NEAPOL.;
COL NEAPOLI NEOCORO, &c., and on the late issues ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC-
ΠΟΛЄWC ЄΠΙCΗΜΟΥ ΝЄWΚΟΡΟΥ. There are two principal types�
(a) a representation of Mount Gerizim (sometimes supported by an eagle)
with two summits, on one of which is the temple of Zeus, approached
by a flight of steps (cf. Damascius, ap. Phot. Bibl., 1055), and on the
other, a small edifice or altar; (β) Simulacrum of Jupiter Heliopoli-
tanus standing between two humped bulls; he usually holds in one
hand a whip, and in the other ears of corn. Among the other types
are the Capitoline Triad, Sarapis, Asklepios, Apollo, &c.


�WW
�ANS


Nysa Scythopolis, on the northern frontier of Samaria, close to the
Jordan. Imperial, Nero to Gordian. Inscr., ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ, ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ
ΤWΝ ΚΑΙ CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ, or ΝΥC. CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ ΙЄΡΑC.
Era uncertain. Type�Nysa nursing infant Dionysos with others of
less interest.


�ANS


Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, fortified by Herod, and renamed by him
Sebaste (Joseph., Ant. Jud., xv. 8. 5). Imperial, Nero to Severus
Alexander. Inscr., CЄΒΑCΤΗΝΩΝ, CΕΒΑCΤΗΝWΝ CΥΡΙΑC, &c., and
colonial after Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia
Lucia Septimia Sebaste. Era dates probably from B.C. 25. Types�
Rape of Persephone, &c. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 275).


�ANS


XII. Judaea

[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]


�WW


Aelia Capitolina, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A.D. 136,
after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon
Barcochba. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of
that of Jehovah. Imperial colonial, Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., COL.
AEL. CAP. or KAP., with addition, under Hadrian, of COND(ita), and
after the reign of Commodus, of the title COMM(odiana) P(ia) F(elix).
The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the Tyche of the city,
standing in her temple; Zeus enthroned in temple (Madden, Coins of the
Jews, p. 247); and the Stone of Elagabal in a chariot (Z. f. N., vii. 219).
For coins struck at Jerusalem before its destruction see pp. 768 and
806 ff.


�SNG B
�ANS

804

Anthedon or Agrippias, a coast-town, the name of which was changed by
Augustus to Agrippias, although the old name Anthedon was subsequently
restored. The coins with the head of Livia, rev. Prow, formerly attri-
buted to this place under the name of Agrippia, are now assigned to
Agrippia Caesareia (= Phanagoria) in Bosporus (see p. 495). Imperial,
Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., ΑΝΘΗΔΟΝΟC. Types�
Astarte in temple; Winged Genius wearing short chiton, raising one
hand, and holding a wheel over an altar with the other.


Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the
places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the
Great (M��ller, Cl. III and IV, Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck
Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus II to Antiochus IX. Autonomous
silver and bronze from the second century B.C., mostly dated by the
Seleucid era; inscr., ΑΣ or ΑΣ. ΙΕΡΑΣ; types�Head of City, rev.




FIG. 354.


Prow; Head of Goddess, rev. Dove. The city became autonomous in
B.C. 104; from this year, or from B.C. 84 (see Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ.,
p. 313), are dated both small bronze coins and tetradrachms bearing the
portraits of the later Ptolemies, including Cleopatra VII (Fig. 354) ,
rev. ΑΣΚΑΛΩΝΙΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, Eagle on fulmen (B. M. Guide,
Pl. LXII. 18, 19). Imperial, Augustus to Severus Alexander, consisting
in the main of bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius, Messalina,
and Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., pp. 757, 771). Types�Zeus Nikephoros
enthroned; Bust of Egyptizing deity (see below). The usual types of
the bronze coins are�Galley; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche
of the city, standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside
her; Warlike divinity (ΦΑΝΗΒΑΛΟC, see Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 139;
Imhoof, Zur gr. u. r��m. M��nzk., pp. 241 f.) standing facing, brandishing
harpa above his head, and holding round shield and branch in his left;
Divinity of Egyptian aspect, with attributes of Osiris, standing on the
backs of three lions (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293). For other types and
varieties see De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, pp. 178 sqq. The Imperial coins
of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, B.C. 104. A coin
of Augustus has a second date which is reckoned from B.C. 58; regnal
years of the Emperors are also given.


�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial,
Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., Λ. CΕΠ. CЄΟΥΗ. ЄΛЄΥΘЄ. (Lucia Sep-
timia Severiana Eleutheropolis). Era begins A.D. 199/200 (Kubitschek,
Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.). Type�Jupiter Heliopolitanus standing
between two bulls (cf. Neapolis Samariae).


�ANS

805

Gaza, an ancient city about twenty miles south of Ascalon, which
Herodotus (iii. 5) mentions as scarcely inferior in size to Sardes, the
capital of Lydia. Its coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. has
been identified by Six (Num. Chron., 1877, p. 221), and consists of
drachms and smaller coins of Attic weight and of various types, of which
the following are the most important :�


SILVER. Attic Standard.



Janiform diademed male and female
heads, or head of Athena as on coins
of Athens.
עזה in Phoenician characters, Owl in
incuse square, sometimes before the
fortified wall of a city. AR Dr.

Id.
עז Forepart of horse; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Id.
ΑΘΕ Head of Athena; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Head of Athena.
עז Owl facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Female head.
Head of Seilenos facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Similar.
Bust of Bes facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.

Bearded helmeted head. [Brit. Mus.;
Pilcher, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1908,
pp. 45 f.]
יהו in Phoenician characters, Jahveh
seated on car with winged wheel.
AR Dr.



�WW
�SNG B
�ANS


For other early coins which may have been struck at Gaza see
Babelon, Perses Ach��m., pp. lv ff.


After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there under
Ptolemy II and III (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., ii. pp. 123 f., p. 165), and with
the letter מ (see below) under Demetrius I of Syria.


The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing
B.C. 61 (Sch��rer, Sitzungsb. Berl. Akad., 1896, xli. pp. 1065 f.). Inscr., ΓΑ,
ΓΑΖΑ, ΔΗΜΟΥ ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΔΗΜΟΥ CЄΛ (?) ΤWΝ ЄΝ ΓΑΖΗ (see
Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 282), ΓΑΖΑΙΤΩΝ, ΓΑΖЄΑΤΩΝ, &c.,
with addition sometimes of honorific titles, ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥ. Imperial,
Augustus to Gordian, dated according to the era B.C. 61, but also in
Hadrian�s time according to a new era commencing in A.D. 128, with
ΕΠΙ., probably referring to the επιδημια of Hadrian (Macdonald, op. cit.,
p. 283). Silver of Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., p. 764) and Diadumenian
(Id. Rev. Suisse, viii. p. 44). Inscr., ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΓΑΖΑ, &c., usually with
the addition of the Phoenician letter מ, perhaps the initial of the divinity
ΜΑΡΝΑ, whose name, as well as those of ΜЄΙΝW and ЄΙW, is met
with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza called the
Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus (De Saulcy, Terre-
Sainte, p. 210), and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and Io. There is
reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced into
Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins of
Gaza we may mention a Temple containing statues of Artemis and
Apollo; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a
bull at her feet; Tyche and Io joining hands; &c. (see also Num. Chron.,
1862, p. 120).


Nicopolis-Emmaus. There were two cities called Nicopolis in Judaea
(see L. Hamburger, Frankfurter M��nzblatter, i. (1899), Nos. 8 and 9).

806

One, close to Jerusalem (for the site see Murray�s Syria and Palestine,
1892, p. 130), was founded as a military colony by Vespasian in A.D. 71,
from which year its coins are dated. The second (Amwas, near Latron,
between Ramleh and Jerusalem) was refounded by Julius Africanus circa
A.D. 221. To the former are to be attributed quasi-autonomous and
imperial coins (inscr. ΝЄΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΤWΝ; types�Wolf fighting hog,
Zeus holding Nike, &c.) of Faustina Sen., M. Aurelius, and Lucius Verus.
To the second Hamburger assigns coins with inscr. ΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙC;
type�Zeus Heliopolitanus standing between two bulls; &c. But as the
city appears to be entitled CЄΟΥΗ. ΑΝΤWΝ., as well as ΑΝΤWΝЄΙΝΟ-
ΠΟΛΙC, these coins may be of Caracalla (cf. N. Z., 33, p. 13) and
belong to the other Nicopolis.


�ANS


Raphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Rhinocolura, an ancient
city restored by Gabinius B.C. 58, the year from which its era dates.
Imperial, M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Inscr., ΡΑΦΙΑ
or ΙЄΡΑ ΡΑΦΙΑ. Types�Artemis standing; Female figure seated
between two small figures, on the head of one of whom she places her
hand; City-goddess holding infant and cornucopiae.


�ANS




Kings, Princes, and Roman Procurators of Judaea

[See especially Madden, Coins of the Jews, 1881; Kennedy in Hastings Dict. of the Bible,
art. �Money� (1900); Th. Reinach, Jewish Coins, 1903.]


�WW


The history of the coins of the Jews has been so thoroughly investigated by Madden (op. cit.), Merzbacher (Zeit. f. Num., 1878), Hamburger
(ib., 1892), and Th. Reinach (op. cit.), not to mention older writers, such
as De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will suffice in
the present work. Permission was given by
Antiochus VII Sidetes to the Jews to strike coins in 139 BC, but was probably rescinded as soon as he felt strong enough to do so. Hyrcanus I finally minted the first coins in 132 BC. 
(α) Hasmonaean Princes.

John Hyrcanus I, B.C. 135-104. Small bronze coins, initially (132-130 BC) with inscr. BASILEWS ANTIOXOU EUERGETOU flanking upside down anchor, lily reverse. Later, Hyrcanus minted coin in his own name, usually with inscr.,
יהוחנן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים
(Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber Haje-
hudim), Johanan the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews,
rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden,
p. 76.)


�SNG B


Judas Aristobulus, B.C. 104-103. Small bronze, with inscr.,
היהודיםיהודה הכהן גדל וחבר היהודיםיהודה הכהן
, Jehudah Hakkohen Gadol Vecheber Haje-
hudim (and variations), Judas the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?)
of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82).


�ANS


Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 103-76. Small bronze of three classes
(α and β) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., יהונתן המלך (Jehona-
than Hammelek), �The King Jehonathan,� rev. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝ-
ΔΡΟΥ. Types�Flower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor. (γ) Pontifical.
coins resembling those of his predecessor, but reading
יהונתן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים
, Jonathan or Jehonathan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber
Hajehudim.


�SNG B
�ANS


Alexandra Salome, B.C. 76-67, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small
bronze with Star and Anchor. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣ. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔ., and an
obliterated Hebrew inscr. (Madden, p. 92).


John Hyrcanus II, B.C. 69, 63-57, and 47-40. Small bronze, with
Star and Anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, obv.
Flower, rev. Palm (op. cit., p. 96). Inscr.,
היהדיהוחנן הכהן הגדל החבר היהדיהוחנן הכהן

(Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hachaber Hajehud[im]).


�ANS


Alexander II (?), B.C. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would
attribute small bronze coins of the Star and Anchor type, reading
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ and
....(?)עלצדרעש ג
(Alexadras
Gadol ?), or עלכצד[ר]עש (Madden, p. 97).


Antigonus (Mattathias), B.C. 40-37. Bronze; obv. Flower, rev. Palm.
Inscr.,
מתתיה הכהן הגדל החבר היהד
(Mattathiah Hakkohen Hag-

808

gadol Hacheber Hajehud[im]), and bilingual coins with ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
ΑΝΤΙ ΓΟΝΟΥ, and similar Hebrew legend equivalent to �Mattathias the
High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews.� Types�Wreath
and Double or single cornucopiae; Seven-branched candlestick; &c.

�SNG B


(β) Idumaean Princes.


Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ.
Types�Helmet, rev. Tripod or Shield; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate;
Aplustre, rev. Palm; Tripod, rev. Wreath; Anchor, rev. Two cornua-
copiae; Eagle, rev. Cornucopiae; &c. (Madden, pp. 105 sqq.). Some coins
bear the regnal date LΓ (year 3) and ΤΡΙ(χαλκον) in monogram. The
eagle probably refers to the golden eagle which Herod set up on the
pediment of the Temple at Jerusalem, thus provoking a revolt.


�SNG B
�ANS


Herod Archelaus, B.C. 4 - A.D. 6. Bronze. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ЄΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ,
often abbreviated. Types�Anchor, rev. Wreath; Prow, rev. Wreath;
Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley; Grapes, rev. Helmet; &c. (Madden,
pp. 114 sqq.).


�SNG B
�ANS


Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilaea and Peraea, B.C. 4 - A.D. 40. Bronze,
usually with regnal dates. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, Palm-
branch, rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, Wreath; or ΗΡΩΔΗC ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΗC, Palm-
branch, with name of Emperor, ΓΑΙΟΥ (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath.
These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and
named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 121).


�SNG B
�ANS


Herod Philip II, ruler of Batanaea, Trachonitis, and Hauranitis,
B.C. 4-A.D. 33. Imperial, � Augustus and Tiberius, rev. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ
ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ or ΕΠΙΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥΚΤΙC(του). Type�Temple
of Augustus at Caesareia-Panias (Madden, p. 125).


�SNG B


Herod Agrippa I, A.D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of
Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛЄWC ΑΓΡΙΠΑ (sic), Um-
brella, rev. Three ears of corn and regnal date; ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Head of Agrippa, rev. ΚΑΙCΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟC
[CЄΒΑCΤΩ] ΛΙΜЄΝΙ, Tyche standing, struck at Caesareia; Head
of Claudius, rev. ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Two
figures in a temple.


On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all
Herod�s kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the
following inscription, which is, however, only partly legible�ΔΗΜ ..
ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Κ. CΥΜ. ΧΙ. ΑΥ. ΒΑC. ΑΓΡΙΠΑ ... ΚΛΗΤΟΝ�and of
which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see
Madden, p. 137).


�SNG B
�ANS


Agrippa I and II. Bronze; obv. Head of Agrippa I, obv. [Β]ΑΙΣΙΛΕΥΙΣ
ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ, rev. [ΑΓΡΙ]ΠΠΑ ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑC[ΙΛΕΩC], Agrippa II on horse-
back (Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 290).


�SNG B


Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A.D. 41-48. Bronze.
Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛ. ΗΡΩΔΗC ΦΙΛΟΚΛΑΥΔΙΟC (Imhoof, Portr��tk��pfe. Pl. VI.
20), rev. Name of Claudius.

809


Agrippa II, A.D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias.
Inscr., [ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ΕΩΝ], Head of Agrippa II
L Ε (year 5), rev. [ΒΑΣ. ΑΓΡΙΠ]ΠΑ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑ[ΡΟΣ] (?), Two
cornuacopiae crossed (Z. f. N., xiii. Pl. IV. 17). Also bronze, without or
with heads of Emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. The
coins with the head of Nero were struck at Neronias (Caesareia Panias).
Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ, &c., and various types, among which are
Tyche holding cornucopiae and ears of corn; Nike holding wreath and
palm, or inscribing shield, &c. To A.D. 77 the coins are usually dated
by an era beginning A.D. 48; afterwards by an era of A.D. 60 (Mac-
donald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 291).


�SNG B
�ANS


Aristobulus, son of Herod king of Chalcis, and great-grandson of
Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis and parts of Armenia, A.D. 54-92 (?).
Bronze. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ, with the name of Nero or
Vespasian on reverse (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 145, and 1900, p. 484).


Aristobulus and Salome, A.D. 54-92 (?). Bronze. ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΡΙCΤΟ-
ΒΟΥΛΟΥ, rev. ΒΑΙCΙΛΙCCΗC CΑΛΩΜΗC, with portraits. (Imhoof, Por-
tr��tk��pfe, Pl. VI. 21 and 22).


(γ) Roman Procurators of Judaea, A.D. 6-66.


On the occasion of the banishment of Herod Archelaus, A.D. 6, Judaea
was added to the province of Syria, and the government administered by
a Procurator subordinate to the Praefect of Syria. Of these Procurators
(A.D. 6-66) there is a numerous class of small bronze coins resembling
in style and fabric the contemporary small money of the Idumaean
Princes, and dated according to the regnal years of the emperors.
Augustus (years 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, under the Procurators Coponius,
Ambivius, and Rufus); Tiberius (1 (?), 2-5, 6 (?), 11, 16-18, Procurators
Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate); Claudius(13, 14, Procurator Felix);
and Nero (year 5, Procurator Felix). These coins bear, as a rule, an
inanimate object (Ear of corn, Cornucopiae, Lituus, &c.), the name of the
reigning emperor or emperors, and the regnal year in Greek characters
(Madden, Coins of the Jews, pp. 173 sqq.).


(δ) Coins of the First Revolt of the Jews, A.D. 66-70.Silver shekels were issued throughout the revolt, presumably as a replacement for the shekels of Tyre which had previously been used to pay the Temple tax. Jewish law required that this be paid in pure silver, and previously this requirement had presumably been felt to override the ban on images. A different, and stricter, interpretation may well have prevailed once war broke out, requiring the production of shekels without images.

FIG. 355.807



שקל ישראל (Shekel Israel), Cup or
chalice, above which א, ב, ג, or ד
(numerals 1 to 4), referring to the
official years of Simon�s rule corre-
sponding to B.C. 139-136. On the
coins of years 2-4 the numeral is
preceded by ש (for Shenath, year).
ירושלם קדשה (Jerushalem Kedoshah), or
ירושלים הקדושה (Jerushalaim ha-kedo-
shah), �Jerusalem the Holy,� Branch
with three buds (Fig. 355)
AR Shekel 220 grs.



The half-shekels are similar, but read חצי השקל, Chatzi ha-shekel
(half-shekel).


The epithet �Holy� on these coins may be compared with the ordinary
Greek coin-legend ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ on the money of
many Syrian cities.


Bronze of the second and third years: Obv. חרות ציון (deliverance
of Zion) Vine-leaf, rev. שנת שתים or
שנת שלוש (year two or three)
Two-handled vase. Also base silver of year 2 of the same types (Hunter
Cat., iii. p. 293). Bronze of the fourth year, with the legends, obv.

שנת ארבע,
רביע שנת ארבע חצי , or
שנת ארבע,
rev. לגאלת ציון
(in the fourth year, one half or one quarter�the redemption of Zion);
types�(1) obv. Ethrog (citron) between lulabs (bunches of twigs), rev.
Palm-tree between two baskets; (2) obv. Two lulabs, rev. Ethrog;
(3) obv. Chalice, rev. Lulab between two ethrogs.


(ε) Coins struck in Palestine commemorating the Capture of
Jerusalem, A.D. 70.


After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian, Titus,
and Domitian caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend

810

ΙΟΥΔΑΙΑΣ ΕΑΛWΚΥΙΑΣ, and in Rome with the Latin legend IVDAEA
CAPTA, IVDAEA DEVICTA, &c. Full descriptions are given in Madden
(pp. 207 sqq.).


(ζ) Coins of the Second Revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochba,
A.D. 133-135.




FIG. 356.


(1) Silver shekels, or debased Attic tetradrachms, mostly restruck on
tetradrachms of Antioch of the reign of Trajan; types�obv. Portico with
four columns, rev. Ethrog and lulab or Lulab alone (Fig. 356); inscr.,
ירושלם (Jerusalem)
or שמעון (Simon),
rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of Israel),
ש ב לגאלת ישראל (second year
of the deliverance of Israel),
or לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of Jerusalem).
The name of Simon occurs only on the shekels of year 2. A star above
the portico alludes to his title �son of the star�. (2) Silver restruck over
Roman denarii (Galba to Hadrian); types�Vase, Palm-branch, Wreath,
Bunch of grapes, Two trumpets, &c. Inscr.,
אלעזר הכוהן (Eleazar the
Priest),
rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of
Israel); or obv. שמעון (Simon),
rev. לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of
Jerusalem), sometimes also with the date year 2. (3) Bronze of two de-
nominations, undated, or of year 1 or 2; some of year 1 read
שמעון נשיא ישראל (Simon, prince of Israel);
some of year 2 simply ירושלם
Types�Amphora, rev. Inscription in wreath.


�ANS


The series of the coins of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman
colony, Aelia Capitolina, described above (p. 803).