Ancient, Islamic, and Medieval GlassTransparent glass bowl of fruit from wall painting in Bedroom M of the Villa Boscoreale, an ancient Roman villa, located in the town of Boscoreale, about two kilometers outside Pompeii in Campania. Ancient| Glass| for |sale at |Forum |Ancient
|Coins Ancient| Glass| on |the |Classical |Numismatics
|Discussion|
Ancient GlassAncient
glass making spans a period from 1500 B.C. to 500 A.D., and Egypt and
the Mesopotamian region had workshops from the beginning of this period.
Important manufacturers rose to prominence in the period from 1400-800
B.C. The exceptional glass production during the Egyptian XVII Dynasty
is classified as magnificent. Vases, flasks, amphoriskoi, goblets, and
jugs are among the types of multicolored vessels made. Beads and inlays
were used on King Tutankhamen's mask. This is one of the high points of
glass making in ancient times. Achaemenid glass production was
elaborate, with amphoriskoi, alabastra, and glass beads being made
during the 6th century B.C. on the Syrian coast. The Augustan age
of the Roman empire starts the beginning of glass production in the
modern sense. The invention of the blowpipe in Sidonian Phoenicia marks
this turning point in glass production. Output could be increased a
thousandfold with the introduction of new, exciting shapes. This
technique quickly spread to Italy, and then throughout the empire. Roman
glass was so popular that most Romans owned glass objects of some kind,
and therefore much of it has survived to be available today at
reasonable prices. Roman glass tear vials in relatively nice quality are
valued at $100 to $150 apiece. In collecting glass objects the
collector should be aware how glass was made. The earliest vessels were
called core vessels. These were produced by pouring melted glass into a
clay core, which was in the shape of the desired vessel. Hot threads of
contrasting color were wrapped around the vessel, pressed, and combed to
create a wavy pattern, Finally the clay core was removed after cooling. The
technique for producing molded vessels and amulets were primarily used
up to the 1st century B.C. This process used a mold, or a process called
the lost wax process, also used in making metal objects. In the
blowpipe process, still used today, hot glass is gathered at the end of a
hollow tube through which air is blown. This produces the various
shapes found today. Using this simple procedure into the still pliable
glass. Only master craftsmen could perform this difficult process. Mold-blown glass is manufactured by heating glass, and blowing it into a mold with a pipe. Cameo
glass is made by a process in which one white, opaque color layers a
design on another opaque surface. The artisan would then cut away the
upper potion to create a design. Millefiori and mosaic glass
process is accomplished by pounding long threads of glass of contrasting
design and color, creating a cross section design, often with floral,
geometric, or animal motifs. After heating, this bundle is called a
cane. It is then sliced and used as inlays. These could be used in outer
designs of vessels, beads, or inlays. Glass bead production was
extensive throughout this period. The glass beads were popular, and were
worn by all of society. Clear glass, eye beads (produced by
Phoenicians), Millefiori, mold-made pendants, confetti beads, gold flake
beads, and many polychrome-surfaced glass beads were widely made; these
are popular collectibles today.
Types of Glass Vessels:alabastron amphora amphoriskos ampulla aryballos askos beaker bottle bowl cage cup cone cameo cantharus cup dish dropper flask - see sprinkler. flask Frontinus bottle goblet guttus Hofheim cup honeycomb bowl jar jug kohl tube krateriskos kylix lenticular bottle lentoid mastos modiolus oinochoe patella phiale phiale mesomphalos polycandela pyxis scyphus spouted bottle sprinkler trulla tube candlestick unguentarium unguentarium urn
Glass Features of Technique, Style and Decoration:base ring bifurcated handle colored blobs blue dots - see colored blobs. blue zigzag buckle - see neck coil. carinated carination coil collar rim colorless core-formed crinkly coil dots - see colored blobs. cut-out fold - see projecting roll. diachroism dolphin handle double mould-blown embedded thread engraved everted rim facet-cut faience feathered pattern - see embedded thread. feet - see pinched toes. fine-grained decoration fire-closed fire rounded rim flattened rim flecks folded stemmed foot folded rim free-blown freestanding zigzag gold-band gold-glass handle horizontal grooves - see engraved. indents intaglio kicked bottom looped trail lug - see pinched ribs. marvered moile mosaic glass mold-blown mouth - see rim. natural blue green glass neck coil nicked trail nipt - see pinched projections. overlay strongly colored glass pattern-blown pattern mold - see pattern-blowing. pincered trail pinched projections pinched warts - see pinched projections. pinched ribs and lugs pinched toes pinched feet - see pinched toes. piriform pontil pontil mark pontil scar - see pontil mark. projecting roll prunt pushed-in hollow base ring - see base ring. pushed in solid base ring - see base ring. reeded handle ribbed handle ribs rim rim coil ring-shaped pontil mark - see pontil mark. rod-formed scratching serpentineform trails - see snake-thread. shards snake-thread spectacle pattern spiral coil spiral ribbing spiral trail - see spiral coil. spiral thread - see embedded thread and thread-wound. thread threaded - see thread and embedded thread. thread-wound toes - see pinched toes. trifurcated handle tubular pontil mark - see pontil mark. U-shaped mouth wavy coil - see crinkly coil. wavy thread - see crinkly coil. wheel-abraded wheel-cut wheel incised lines - see wheel-cut. zigzag - see blue zigzag and freestanding zigzag.
Glass Conditions of Preservation:complete intact crizzled iridescence reconstructed restored weathering
Glass References in the Forum Ancient Coins Library:Allen, D. Roman Glass in Britain. (Buckinghamshire, 1998). Auth, S. Ancient Glass at the Newark Museum. (Newark, 1977). Berger, V.L. Römische Gläser Aus Vindonissa. (Basel, 1960). Bomford, J. Ancient Glass: The Bomford Collection of Pre-Roman and Roman Glass on loan to the City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. (Bristol, 1976). Carboni, S. Glass from Islamic Lands: The Al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. (New York, 2001). Carboni, S. & D. Whitehouse. Glass of the Sultans. (New York, 2001). Christie's Sale. Ancient Glass Formerly the Kofler-Truniger Collection. 5 - 6 Mar 1985. Christie's Sale. Wolkenburg Collection. 9 July 1991. Corning Museum of Glass, Journal of Glass Studies. Davidson, S. Conservation and Restoration of Glass. (Cornwall, 2003). Ettinghausen, R. Ancient Glass in the Freer Gallery of Art. (Smithsonian Institution, 1962). Flemming, S.J. Roman Glass, Reflections on Cultural Change. (Warminster, 1999). Glass at the Fitzwilliam Museum, exhibition catalogue. (Cambridge, 1978). Goldstein, S.M. Pre-Roman Glass and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 1979). Grose, D.F. Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass. (New York, 1989). Grossmann, R. A. Ancient Glass: A Guide to the Yale Collection. (New Haven, CT, 2002). Harden, D. Catalog of the Constable-Maxwell Collection of Ancient Glass. (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, 1979). Harden, D. Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman, The Archaeological Journal, Volume CXXV, 1969 (reprinted). Harden, D. Glass of the Caesars. (Milan, 1987). Harter, G. Römische Glaser Des Landesmuseums Mäinz. (Mainz, 1996). Hayes, J. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum. (Toronto, 1975). Kocaba Koleksiyonu, H. Catalogue of Glass in The Hüsyin Kocaba Collection. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari. (Istanbul, 1984). Isings, C. Roman Glass From Dated Finds. (1957). Isings, C. Roman Glass in Limburg. Archaeologica Traiectina. (Gröningen, 1971). Israeli, Y. Ancient Glass, Museum Haaretz Collection. (Tel-Aviv) Kröger, J. Nishapur, Glass of the Early Islamic Period. (New York, 1995). Kunina, N. Ancient Glass in the Hermitage Collection. (St Petersburg, 1997). la Baume, P. & J. Willem Salomonson. Romische Kleinkunst Sammlung Karl Loffler. Römisch-Germanischen Museum. (Cologne, 1977). Lightfoot, C.S. Ancient Glass in National Museums Scotland. (Edinburgh, 2007). Matheson, S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. (Meriden, 1980). Neuburg, F. Ancient Glass. (Toronto, 1962). Nicholson, P.T. Egyptian Faience and Glass. (Buckinghamshire, 1993). Nolte, B. Die Glasgefäße im Alten Ägypten. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 14. Verlag Bruno Hessling. (Berlin, 1968). Oliver, A. Ancient Glass: Ancient and Islamic Glass in the Carnegie Museum. (Carnegie Museum of Art, 1980). Riefstahl, E. Ancient Egyptina Glass and Glazes in the Brooklyn Museum. (1968). Saldern, A. Gläser der Antike: Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer: Katalog (Karlsruhe, Germany, 1975). Shurmer, J. The Golden age of Venetian Glass. (British Museum Publications, London, 1979). Sotheby's Sale. Ancient Glass, London, Sale 3242, London, 20 November 1987. Sotheby's
Sale. Important Ancient Glass from the Collection formed by
the British Rail Pension Fund, London, 24 November 1997. Sotheby's Sale. The Benzian Collection of Ancient and Islamic Glass, London, 7 July 1994. Stern, M. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 1994). Stern, M. Roman, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Glass, 10 BCE - 700 CE, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 2001). Tait, H., ed. Five Thousand Years of Glass, revised edition. (Philadelphia, 2004). Von Saldern, A. Ancient Glass in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (Meriden, 1968). Von Saldern, A., et al. Glaser
der Antike, Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer. Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe,
Hamburg & Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Koln. (Hamburg, 1974). Whitehouse, D. Islamic Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997). Whitehouse, D. Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, The Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 2010). Whitehouse, D. Reflecting Antiquity: Modern Glass Inspired by Ancient Rome. (Corning, 2007). Whitehouse, D. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997). Whitehouse, D. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Two. (Rochester, 2001). Whitehouse, D. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Three. (Rochester, 1997). Whitehouse, D. Sasanian and Post-Sasanian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Manchester, 1997). Yücel, A,. et al. Catalog of Glass in the Hüseyin Kocaba Collection. (Istanbul, 1984).
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Ancient, Islamic, and Medieval GlassTransparent glass bowl of fruit from wall painting in Bedroom M of the Villa Boscoreale, an ancient Roman villa, located in the town of Boscoreale, about two kilometers outside Pompeii in Campania. Ancient| Glass| for |sale at |Forum |Ancient
|Coins Ancient| Glass| on |the |Classical |Numismatics
|Discussion|
Ancient GlassAncient
glass making spans a period from 1500 B.C. to 500 A.D., and Egypt and
the Mesopotamian region had workshops from the beginning of this period.
Important manufacturers rose to prominence in the period from 1400-800
B.C. The exceptional glass production during the Egyptian XVII Dynasty
is classified as magnificent. Vases, flasks, amphoriskoi, goblets, and
jugs are among the types of multicolored vessels made. Beads and inlays
were used on King Tutankhamen's mask. This is one of the high points of
glass making in ancient times. Achaemenid glass production was
elaborate, with amphoriskoi, alabastra, and glass beads being made
during the 6th century B.C. on the Syrian coast. The Augustan age
of the Roman empire starts the beginning of glass production in the
modern sense. The invention of the blowpipe in Sidonian Phoenicia marks
this turning point in glass production. Output could be increased a
thousandfold with the introduction of new, exciting shapes. This
technique quickly spread to Italy, and then throughout the empire. Roman
glass was so popular that most Romans owned glass objects of some kind,
and therefore much of it has survived to be available today at
reasonable prices. Roman glass tear vials in relatively nice quality are
valued at $100 to $150 apiece. In collecting glass objects the
collector should be aware how glass was made. The earliest vessels were
called core vessels. These were produced by pouring melted glass into a
clay core, which was in the shape of the desired vessel. Hot threads of
contrasting color were wrapped around the vessel, pressed, and combed to
create a wavy pattern, Finally the clay core was removed after cooling. The
technique for producing molded vessels and amulets were primarily used
up to the 1st century B.C. This process used a mold, or a process called
the lost wax process, also used in making metal objects. In the
blowpipe process, still used today, hot glass is gathered at the end of a
hollow tube through which air is blown. This produces the various
shapes found today. Using this simple procedure into the still pliable
glass. Only master craftsmen could perform this difficult process. Mold-blown glass is manufactured by heating glass, and blowing it into a mold with a pipe. Cameo
glass is made by a process in which one white, opaque color layers a
design on another opaque surface. The artisan would then cut away the
upper potion to create a design. Millefiori and mosaic glass
process is accomplished by pounding long threads of glass of contrasting
design and color, creating a cross section design, often with floral,
geometric, or animal motifs. After heating, this bundle is called a
cane. It is then sliced and used as inlays. These could be used in outer
designs of vessels, beads, or inlays. Glass bead production was
extensive throughout this period. The glass beads were popular, and were
worn by all of society. Clear glass, eye beads (produced by
Phoenicians), Millefiori, mold-made pendants, confetti beads, gold flake
beads, and many polychrome-surfaced glass beads were widely made; these
are popular collectibles today.
Types of Glass Vessels:alabastron amphora amphoriskos ampulla aryballos askos beaker bottle bowl cage cup cone cameo cantharus cup dish dropper flask - see sprinkler. flask Frontinus bottle goblet guttus Hofheim cup honeycomb bowl jar jug kohl tube krateriskos kylix lenticular bottle lentoid mastos modiolus oinochoe patella phiale phiale mesomphalos polycandela pyxis scyphus spouted bottle sprinkler trulla tube candlestick unguentarium unguentarium urn
Glass Features of Technique, Style and Decoration:base ring bifurcated handle colored blobs blue dots - see colored blobs. blue zigzag buckle - see neck coil. carinated carination coil collar rim colorless core-formed crinkly coil dots - see colored blobs. cut-out fold - see projecting roll. diachroism dolphin handle double mould-blown embedded thread engraved everted rim facet-cut faience feathered pattern - see embedded thread. feet - see pinched toes. fine-grained decoration fire-closed fire rounded rim flattened rim flecks folded stemmed foot folded rim free-blown freestanding zigzag gold-band gold-glass handle horizontal grooves - see engraved. indents intaglio kicked bottom looped trail lug - see pinched ribs. marvered moile mosaic glass mold-blown mouth - see rim. natural blue green glass neck coil nicked trail nipt - see pinched projections. overlay strongly colored glass pattern-blown pattern mold - see pattern-blowing. pincered trail pinched projections pinched warts - see pinched projections. pinched ribs and lugs pinched toes pinched feet - see pinched toes. piriform pontil pontil mark pontil scar - see pontil mark. projecting roll prunt pushed-in hollow base ring - see base ring. pushed in solid base ring - see base ring. reeded handle ribbed handle ribs rim rim coil ring-shaped pontil mark - see pontil mark. rod-formed scratching serpentineform trails - see snake-thread. shards snake-thread spectacle pattern spiral coil spiral ribbing spiral trail - see spiral coil. spiral thread - see embedded thread and thread-wound. thread threaded - see thread and embedded thread. thread-wound toes - see pinched toes. trifurcated handle tubular pontil mark - see pontil mark. U-shaped mouth wavy coil - see crinkly coil. wavy thread - see crinkly coil. wheel-abraded wheel-cut wheel incised lines - see wheel-cut. zigzag - see blue zigzag and freestanding zigzag.
Glass Conditions of Preservation:complete intact crizzled iridescence reconstructed restored weathering
Glass References in the Forum Ancient Coins Library:Allen, D. Roman Glass in Britain. (Buckinghamshire, 1998). Auth, S. Ancient Glass at the Newark Museum. (Newark, 1977). Berger, V.L. Römische Gläser Aus Vindonissa. (Basel, 1960). Bomford, J. Ancient Glass: The Bomford Collection of Pre-Roman and Roman Glass on loan to the City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. (Bristol, 1976). Carboni, S. Glass from Islamic Lands: The Al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. (New York, 2001). Carboni, S. & D. Whitehouse. Glass of the Sultans. (New York, 2001). Christie's Sale. Ancient Glass Formerly the Kofler-Truniger Collection. 5 - 6 Mar 1985. Christie's Sale. Wolkenburg Collection. 9 July 1991. Corning Museum of Glass, Journal of Glass Studies. Davidson, S. Conservation and Restoration of Glass. (Cornwall, 2003). Ettinghausen, R. Ancient Glass in the Freer Gallery of Art. (Smithsonian Institution, 1962). Flemming, S.J. Roman Glass, Reflections on Cultural Change. (Warminster, 1999). Glass at the Fitzwilliam Museum, exhibition catalogue. (Cambridge, 1978). Goldstein, S.M. Pre-Roman Glass and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 1979). Grose, D.F. Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass. (New York, 1989). Grossmann, R. A. Ancient Glass: A Guide to the Yale Collection. (New Haven, CT, 2002). Harden, D. Catalog of the Constable-Maxwell Collection of Ancient Glass. (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, 1979). Harden, D. Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman, The Archaeological Journal, Volume CXXV, 1969 (reprinted). Harden, D. Glass of the Caesars. (Milan, 1987). Harter, G. Römische Glaser Des Landesmuseums Mäinz. (Mainz, 1996). Hayes, J. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum. (Toronto, 1975). Kocaba Koleksiyonu, H. Catalogue of Glass in The Hüsyin Kocaba Collection. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari. (Istanbul, 1984). Isings, C. Roman Glass From Dated Finds. (1957). Isings, C. Roman Glass in Limburg. Archaeologica Traiectina. (Gröningen, 1971). Israeli, Y. Ancient Glass, Museum Haaretz Collection. (Tel-Aviv) Kröger, J. Nishapur, Glass of the Early Islamic Period. (New York, 1995). Kunina, N. Ancient Glass in the Hermitage Collection. (St Petersburg, 1997). la Baume, P. & J. Willem Salomonson. Romische Kleinkunst Sammlung Karl Loffler. Römisch-Germanischen Museum. (Cologne, 1977). Lightfoot, C.S. Ancient Glass in National Museums Scotland. (Edinburgh, 2007). Matheson, S. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. (Meriden, 1980). Neuburg, F. Ancient Glass. (Toronto, 1962). Nicholson, P.T. Egyptian Faience and Glass. (Buckinghamshire, 1993). Nolte, B. Die Glasgefäße im Alten Ägypten. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 14. Verlag Bruno Hessling. (Berlin, 1968). Oliver, A. Ancient Glass: Ancient and Islamic Glass in the Carnegie Museum. (Carnegie Museum of Art, 1980). Riefstahl, E. Ancient Egyptina Glass and Glazes in the Brooklyn Museum. (1968). Saldern, A. Gläser der Antike: Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer: Katalog (Karlsruhe, Germany, 1975). Shurmer, J. The Golden age of Venetian Glass. (British Museum Publications, London, 1979). Sotheby's Sale. Ancient Glass, London, Sale 3242, London, 20 November 1987. Sotheby's
Sale. Important Ancient Glass from the Collection formed by
the British Rail Pension Fund, London, 24 November 1997. Sotheby's Sale. The Benzian Collection of Ancient and Islamic Glass, London, 7 July 1994. Stern, M. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 1994). Stern, M. Roman, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Glass, 10 BCE - 700 CE, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 2001). Tait, H., ed. Five Thousand Years of Glass, revised edition. (Philadelphia, 2004). Von Saldern, A. Ancient Glass in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (Meriden, 1968). Von Saldern, A., et al. Glaser
der Antike, Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer. Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe,
Hamburg & Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Koln. (Hamburg, 1974). Whitehouse, D. Islamic Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997). Whitehouse, D. Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, The Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 2010). Whitehouse, D. Reflecting Antiquity: Modern Glass Inspired by Ancient Rome. (Corning, 2007). Whitehouse, D. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997). Whitehouse, D. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Two. (Rochester, 2001). Whitehouse, D. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Three. (Rochester, 1997). Whitehouse, D. Sasanian and Post-Sasanian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Manchester, 1997). Yücel, A,. et al. Catalog of Glass in the Hüseyin Kocaba Collection. (Istanbul, 1984).
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