Ancient, Islamic, and Medieval GlassTransparent glass bowl of fruit from wall painting in Bedroom M of the Villa Boscoreale, an ancient Roman villa, located in the town of Boscoreale, about two kilometers outside Pompeii in Campania.SEE ANCIENT GLASS FOR SALE IN |FORVM |ANCIENT |COINS' |SHOPAncient GlassAncient glass making spans a period from 1500 B.C. to 500A.D., and Egypt and the Mesopotamian region had workshops from the beginning of this period. Important manufacturers rose to prominence in the period from 1400-800 B.C. The exceptional glass production during the Egyptian XVII Dynasty is classified as magnificent. Vases, flasks, amphoriskoi, goblets, and jugs are among the types of multi-colored vessels made. Beads and inlays were used on King Tutankhamon's mask. This is one of the high points of glass making in ancient times. Achaemenid glass production was elaborate, with amphoriskoi, alabastra, and glass beads being made during the 6th century B.C. on the Syrian coast.The Augustian age of the Roman empire starts the beginning of glass production in the modern sense. The invention of the blowpipe in Sidonian Phoenicia marks this turning point in glass production. Output could be increased a thousandfold with the introduction of new, exciting shapes. This technique quickly spread to Italy, and then throughout the empire. Roman glass was so popular that most Romans owned glass objects of some kind, and therefore much of it has survived to be available today at reasonable prices. Roman glass tear vials in relatively nice quality are valued at $100 to $150 apiece.In collecting glass objects the collector should be aware how glass was made. The earliest vessels were called core vessels. These were produced by pouring melted glass into a clay core, which was in the shape of the desired vessel. Hot threads of contrasting color were wrapped around the vessel, pressed, and combed to create a wavy pattern, Finally the clay core was removed after cooling.The technique for producing molded vessels and amulets were primarily used up to the 1st century B.C. This process used a mold, or a process called the lost wax process, also used in making metal objects.In the blowpipe process, still used today, hot glass is gathered at the end of a hollow tube through which air is blown. This produces the various shapes found today. Using this simple procedure into the still pliable glass. Only master craftsmen could perform this difficult process.Mold-blown glass is manufactured by heating glass, and blowing it into a mold with a pipe.Cameo glass is made by a process in which one white, opaque color layers a design on another opaque surface. The artisan would then cut away the upper potion to create a design.Millefiori and mosaic glass process is accomplished by pounding long threads of glass of contrasting design and color, creating a cross section design, often with floral, geometric, or animal motifs. After heating, this bundle is called a cane. It is then sliced and used as inlays. These could be used in outer designs of vessels, beads, or inlays.Glass bead production was extensive throughout this period. The glass beads were popular, and were worn by all of society. Clear glass, eye beads (produced by Phoenicians), Millefiori, mold-made pendants, confetti beads, gold flake beads, and many polychrome-surfaced glass beads were widely made; these are popular collectibles today.Types of Glass Vessels:alabastron amphora amphoriskos ampulla aryballos askos beaker bottle bowl cage cup cone cameo cantharus cup dish dropper flask - see sprinkler. flask Frontinus bottle goblet guttus Hofheim cup honeycomb bowl jar jug kohl tube krateriskos kylix lenticular bottle lentoid mastos modiolus oinochoe patella phiale phiale mesomphalos polycandela pyxis scyphus spouted bottle sprinkler trulla tube candlestick unguentarium unguentarium urnGlass Features of Technique, Style and Decoration:base ring bifurcated handle colored blobs blue dots - see colored blobs. blue zigzag buckle - see neck coil. carinated coil collar rim colorless core-formed crinkly coil dots - see colored blobs. cut-out fold - see projecting roll. diachroism dolphin handle double mould-blown embedded thread engraved everted rim facet-cut faience feathered pattern - see embedded thread. feet - see pinched toes. fine-grained decoration fire-closed fire rounded rim flattened rim flecks folded stemmed foot folded rim free-blown freestanding zigzag gold-band gold-glass handle horizontal grooves - see engraved. indents intaglio kicked bottom looped trail lug - see pinched ribs. marvered moile mosaic glass mold-blown mouth - see rim. natural blue green glass neck coil nicked trail nipt - see pinched projections. overlay strongly colored glass pattern-blown pattern mold - see pattern-blowing. pincered trail pinched projections pinched warts - see pinched projections. pinched ribs and lugs pinched toes pinched feet - see pinched toes. piriform pontil pontil mark pontil scar - see pontil mark. projecting roll prunt pushed-in hollow base ring - see base ring. pushed in solid base ring - see base ring. reeded handle ribbed handle ribs rim rim coil ring-shaped pontil mark - see pontil mark. rod-formed scratching serpentineform trails - see snake-thread. shards snake-thread spectacle pattern spiral coil spiral ribbing spiral trail - see spiral coil. spiral thread - see embedded thread and thread-wound. thread threaded - see thread and embedded thread. thread-wound toes - see pinched toes. trifurcated handle tubular pontil mark - see pontil mark. U-shaped mouth wavy coil - see crinkly coil. wavy thread - see crinkly coil. wheel-abraded wheel-cut wheel incised lines - see wheel-cut. zigzag - see blue zigzag and freestanding zigzag.Glass Conditions of Preservation:complete intact crizzled iridescence reconstructed restored weatheringGlass References in the Forum Ancient Coins Library:Allen, Denise. Roman Glass in Britain. (Buckinghamshire, 1998) Auth, Susan. Ancient Glass at the Newark Museum. (Newark, 1977) Berger, Von Ludwig. Römische Gläser Aus Vindonissa. (Basel, 1960) Bomford, James. Ancient Glass: The Bomford Collection of Pre-Roman and Roman Glass on loan to the City fo Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. (Bristol, 1976) Carboni, Stefano. Glass from Islamic Lands: The Al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. (New York, 2001) Carboni, Stefano and David Whitehouse. Glass of the Sultans. (New York, 2001) Christie's Sale 5 - 6 Mar 1985. Ancient Glass Formerly the Kofler-Truniger Collection. Christie's Sale 9 July 1991. Wolkenburg Collection. Corning Museum of Glass, Journal of Glass Studies Davidson, Sandra. Conservation and Restoration of Glass. (Cornwall, 2003) Ettinghausen, Richard. Ancient Glass in the Freer Gallery of Art. (Smithsonian Institution, 1962) Flemming, Stuart J. Roman Glass, Reflections on Cultural Change. (Warminster, 1999) Glass at the Fitzwilliam Museum, exhibition catalogue. (Cambridge, 1978) Goldstein, Sidney M. Pre-Roman Glass and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 1979) Grose, David F. Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass. (New York, 1989) Harden, Donald. Catalog of the Constable-Maxwell Collection of Ancient Glass. (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, 1979) Grossmann, R. A. Ancient Glass: A Guide to the Yale Collection. (New Haven, CT, 2002). Harden, Donald. Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman, The Archaeological Journal, Volume CXXV, 1969 (reprinted) Harden, Donald. Glass of the Caesars. (Milan, 1987) Harter, Gabriele. Römische Glaser Des Landesmuseums Mäinz. (Mainz, 1996) Hayes, John. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum. (Toronto, 1975) Kocaba Koleksiyonu, Hüseyin. Catalogue of Glass in The Hüsyin Kocaba Collection. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari. (Istanbul, 1984). Isings, Clasina. Roman Glass From Dated Finds. (1957) Isings, Clasina. Roman Glass in Limburg. Archaeologica Traiectina. (Gröningen, 1971). Israeli, Yael. Ancient Glass, Museum Haaretz Collection. (Tel-Aviv) Kröger, Jens. Nishapur, Glass of the Early Islamic Period. (New York, 1995) Kunina, Nina. Ancient Glass in the Hermitage Collection. (St Petersburg, 1997) la Baume, Peter & Jan Willem Salomonson. Romische Kleinkunst Sammlung Karl Loffler. Römisch-Germanischen Museum. (Cologne, 1977). Lightfoot, C.S. Ancient Glass in National Museums Scotland. (Edinburgh, 2007) Matheson, Susan. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. (Meriden, 1980) Neuburg, Frederic. Ancient Glass. (Toronto, 1962) Nicholson, Paul T. Egyptian Faience and Glass. (Buckinghamshire, 1993) Nolte, Birgit. Die Glasgefäße im Alten Ägypten. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 14. Verlag Bruno Hessling. (Berlin, 1968). Oliver, Andrew. Ancient Glass: Ancient and Islamic Glass in the Carnegie Museum. (Carnegie Museum of Art, 1980) Riefstahl, Elizabeth. Ancient Egyptina Glass and Glazes in the Brooklyn Museum. (1968) Saldern, Axel V. Gläser der Antike: Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer: Katalog (Karlsruhe, Germany, 1975) Shurmer, James. The Golden age of Venetian Glass. (British Museum Publications, London, 1979) Sotheby's Sale 20 Nov 1987. Ancient Glass, London, Sale 3242, London, 20 November 1987. Sotheby's Sale 24 Nov 1997. Important Ancient Glass from the Collection formed by the British Rail Pension Fund, London, 24 November 1997. Sotheby's Sale 7 July 1994. The Benzian Collection of Anceint and Islamic Glass, London, 7 July 1994. Stern, Marianne. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 1994) Stern, Marianne. Roman, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Glass, 10 BCE - 700 CE, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 2001) Tait, Hugh, ed. Five Thousand Years of Glass, revised edition. (Philadelphia, 2004) Von Saldern, Axel. Ancient Glass in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (Meriden, 1968) Von Saldern, Axel, et al. Glaser der Antike, Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer. Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg & Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Koln. (Hamburg, 1974). Whitehouse, David. Islamic Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997) Whitehouse, David. Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, The Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 2010) Whitehouse, David. Reflecting Antiquity: Modern Glass Inspired by Ancient Rome. (Corning, 2007) Whitehouse, David. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997) Whitehouse, David. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Two. (Rochester, 2001) Whitehouse, David. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Three. (Rochester, 1997) Whitehouse, David. Sasanian and Post-Sasanian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Manchester, 1997) Yücel, Akat, et al. Catalog of Glass in the Hüseyin Kocabaº Collection. (Istanbul, 1984) |
Ancient, Islamic, and Medieval GlassTransparent glass bowl of fruit from wall painting in Bedroom M of the Villa Boscoreale, an ancient Roman villa, located in the town of Boscoreale, about two kilometers outside Pompeii in Campania.SEE |ANCIENT| |GLASS FOR |SALE IN |FORVM |ANCIENT |COINS' |SHOPAncient GlassAncient glass making spans a period from 1500 B.C. to 500A.D., and Egypt and the Mesopotamian region had workshops from the beginning of this period. Important manufacturers rose to prominence in the period from 1400-800 B.C. The exceptional glass production during the Egyptian XVII Dynasty is classified as magnificent. Vases, flasks, amphoriskoi, goblets, and jugs are among the types of multi-colored vessels made. Beads and inlays were used on King Tutankhamon's mask. This is one of the high points of glass making in ancient times. Achaemenid glass production was elaborate, with amphoriskoi, alabastra, and glass beads being made during the 6th century B.C. on the Syrian coast.The Augustian age of the Roman empire starts the beginning of glass production in the modern sense. The invention of the blowpipe in Sidonian Phoenicia marks this turning point in glass production. Output could be increased a thousandfold with the introduction of new, exciting shapes. This technique quickly spread to Italy, and then throughout the empire. Roman glass was so popular that most Romans owned glass objects of some kind, and therefore much of it has survived to be available today at reasonable prices. Roman glass tear vials in relatively nice quality are valued at $100 to $150 apiece.In collecting glass objects the collector should be aware how glass was made. The earliest vessels were called core vessels. These were produced by pouring melted glass into a clay core, which was in the shape of the desired vessel. Hot threads of contrasting color were wrapped around the vessel, pressed, and combed to create a wavy pattern, Finally the clay core was removed after cooling.The technique for producing molded vessels and amulets were primarily used up to the 1st century B.C. This process used a mold, or a process called the lost wax process, also used in making metal objects.In the blowpipe process, still used today, hot glass is gathered at the end of a hollow tube through which air is blown. This produces the various shapes found today. Using this simple procedure into the still pliable glass. Only master craftsmen could perform this difficult process.Mold-blown glass is manufactured by heating glass, and blowing it into a mold with a pipe.Cameo glass is made by a process in which one white, opaque color layers a design on another opaque surface. The artisan would then cut away the upper potion to create a design.Millefiori and mosaic glass process is accomplished by pounding long threads of glass of contrasting design and color, creating a cross section design, often with floral, geometric, or animal motifs. After heating, this bundle is called a cane. It is then sliced and used as inlays. These could be used in outer designs of vessels, beads, or inlays.Glass bead production was extensive throughout this period. The glass beads were popular, and were worn by all of society. Clear glass, eye beads (produced by Phoenicians), Millefiori, mold-made pendants, confetti beads, gold flake beads, and many polychrome-surfaced glass beads were widely made; these are popular collectibles today.Types of Glass Vessels:alabastron amphora amphoriskos ampulla aryballos askos beaker bottle bowl cage cup cone cameo cantharus cup dish dropper flask - see sprinkler. flask Frontinus bottle goblet guttus Hofheim cup honeycomb bowl jar jug kohl tube krateriskos kylix lenticular bottle lentoid mastos modiolus oinochoe patella phiale phiale mesomphalos polycandela pyxis scyphus spouted bottle sprinkler trulla tube candlestick unguentarium unguentarium urnGlass Features of Technique, Style and Decoration:base ring bifurcated handle colored blobs blue dots - see colored blobs. blue zigzag buckle - see neck coil. carinated coil collar rim colorless core-formed crinkly coil dots - see colored blobs. cut-out fold - see projecting roll. diachroism dolphin handle double mould-blown embedded thread engraved everted rim facet-cut faience feathered pattern - see embedded thread. feet - see pinched toes. fine-grained decoration fire-closed fire rounded rim flattened rim flecks folded stemmed foot folded rim free-blown freestanding zigzag gold-band gold-glass handle horizontal grooves - see engraved. indents intaglio kicked bottom looped trail lug - see pinched ribs. marvered moile mosaic glass mold-blown mouth - see rim. natural blue green glass neck coil nicked trail nipt - see pinched projections. overlay strongly colored glass pattern-blown pattern mold - see pattern-blowing. pincered trail pinched projections pinched warts - see pinched projections. pinched ribs and lugs pinched toes pinched feet - see pinched toes. piriform pontil pontil mark pontil scar - see pontil mark. projecting roll prunt pushed-in hollow base ring - see base ring. pushed in solid base ring - see base ring. reeded handle ribbed handle ribs rim rim coil ring-shaped pontil mark - see pontil mark. rod-formed scratching serpentineform trails - see snake-thread. shards snake-thread spectacle pattern spiral coil spiral ribbing spiral trail - see spiral coil. spiral thread - see embedded thread and thread-wound. thread threaded - see thread and embedded thread. thread-wound toes - see pinched toes. trifurcated handle tubular pontil mark - see pontil mark. U-shaped mouth wavy coil - see crinkly coil. wavy thread - see crinkly coil. wheel-abraded wheel-cut wheel incised lines - see wheel-cut. zigzag - see blue zigzag and freestanding zigzag.Glass Conditions of Preservation:complete intact crizzled iridescence reconstructed restored weatheringGlass References in the Forum Ancient Coins Library:Allen, Denise. Roman Glass in Britain. (Buckinghamshire, 1998) Auth, Susan. Ancient Glass at the Newark Museum. (Newark, 1977) Berger, Von Ludwig. Römische Gläser Aus Vindonissa. (Basel, 1960) Bomford, James. Ancient Glass: The Bomford Collection of Pre-Roman and Roman Glass on loan to the City fo Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. (Bristol, 1976) Carboni, Stefano. Glass from Islamic Lands: The Al-Sabah Collection, Kuwait National Museum. (New York, 2001) Carboni, Stefano and David Whitehouse. Glass of the Sultans. (New York, 2001) Christie's Sale 5 - 6 Mar 1985. Ancient Glass Formerly the Kofler-Truniger Collection. Christie's Sale 9 July 1991. Wolkenburg Collection. Corning Museum of Glass, Journal of Glass Studies Davidson, Sandra. Conservation and Restoration of Glass. (Cornwall, 2003) Ettinghausen, Richard. Ancient Glass in the Freer Gallery of Art. (Smithsonian Institution, 1962) Flemming, Stuart J. Roman Glass, Reflections on Cultural Change. (Warminster, 1999) Glass at the Fitzwilliam Museum, exhibition catalogue. (Cambridge, 1978) Goldstein, Sidney M. Pre-Roman Glass and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 1979) Grose, David F. Toledo Museum of Art, Early Ancient Glass. (New York, 1989) Harden, Donald. Catalog of the Constable-Maxwell Collection of Ancient Glass. (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, 1979) Grossmann, R. A. Ancient Glass: A Guide to the Yale Collection. (New Haven, CT, 2002). Harden, Donald. Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman, The Archaeological Journal, Volume CXXV, 1969 (reprinted) Harden, Donald. Glass of the Caesars. (Milan, 1987) Harter, Gabriele. Römische Glaser Des Landesmuseums Mäinz. (Mainz, 1996) Hayes, John. Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum. (Toronto, 1975) Kocaba Koleksiyonu, Hüseyin. Catalogue of Glass in The Hüsyin Kocaba Collection. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari. (Istanbul, 1984). Isings, Clasina. Roman Glass From Dated Finds. (1957) Isings, Clasina. Roman Glass in Limburg. Archaeologica Traiectina. (Gröningen, 1971). Israeli, Yael. Ancient Glass, Museum Haaretz Collection. (Tel-Aviv) Kröger, Jens. Nishapur, Glass of the Early Islamic Period. (New York, 1995) Kunina, Nina. Ancient Glass in the Hermitage Collection. (St Petersburg, 1997) la Baume, Peter & Jan Willem Salomonson. Romische Kleinkunst Sammlung Karl Loffler. Römisch-Germanischen Museum. (Cologne, 1977). Lightfoot, C.S. Ancient Glass in National Museums Scotland. (Edinburgh, 2007) Matheson, Susan. Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery. (Meriden, 1980) Neuburg, Frederic. Ancient Glass. (Toronto, 1962) Nicholson, Paul T. Egyptian Faience and Glass. (Buckinghamshire, 1993) Nolte, Birgit. Die Glasgefäße im Alten Ägypten. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 14. Verlag Bruno Hessling. (Berlin, 1968). Oliver, Andrew. Ancient Glass: Ancient and Islamic Glass in the Carnegie Museum. (Carnegie Museum of Art, 1980) Riefstahl, Elizabeth. Ancient Egyptina Glass and Glazes in the Brooklyn Museum. (1968) Saldern, Axel V. Gläser der Antike: Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer: Katalog (Karlsruhe, Germany, 1975) Shurmer, James. The Golden age of Venetian Glass. (British Museum Publications, London, 1979) Sotheby's Sale 20 Nov 1987. Ancient Glass, London, Sale 3242, London, 20 November 1987. Sotheby's Sale 24 Nov 1997. Important Ancient Glass from the Collection formed by the British Rail Pension Fund, London, 24 November 1997. Sotheby's Sale 7 July 1994. The Benzian Collection of Anceint and Islamic Glass, London, 7 July 1994. Stern, Marianne. Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C. - A.D. 50, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 1994) Stern, Marianne. Roman, Byzantine, and Early Medieval Glass, 10 BCE - 700 CE, Ernesto Wolf Collection. (Ostfildern-Ruit, 2001) Tait, Hugh, ed. Five Thousand Years of Glass, revised edition. (Philadelphia, 2004) Von Saldern, Axel. Ancient Glass in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (Meriden, 1968) Von Saldern, Axel, et al. Glaser der Antike, Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer. Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg & Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Koln. (Hamburg, 1974). Whitehouse, David. Islamic Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997) Whitehouse, David. Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes, and Peasants, The Corning Museum of Glass. (Corning, 2010) Whitehouse, David. Reflecting Antiquity: Modern Glass Inspired by Ancient Rome. (Corning, 2007) Whitehouse, David. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Rochester, 1997) Whitehouse, David. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Two. (Rochester, 2001) Whitehouse, David. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume Three. (Rochester, 1997) Whitehouse, David. Sasanian and Post-Sasanian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume One. (Manchester, 1997) Yücel, Akat, et al. Catalog of Glass in the Hüseyin Kocabaº Collection. (Istanbul, 1984) |