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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Themes & Provenance| ▸ |Gods, Non-Olympian| ▸ |Sol||View Options:  |  |  |   

Sol

Sol sometimes called Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the solar deity in Ancient Roman religion. Worship of Sol began early but seems to have become more significant from the reign of Aurelian until the abolition of paganism under Theodosius I.

Macedonian Kingdom, Philip III Arrhidaeus and Alexander IV, 323 - 317 B.C., Struck by Archon, Dokimos, or Seleukos I

|Macedonian| |Kingdom|, |Macedonian| |Kingdom,| |Philip| |III| |Arrhidaeus| |and| |Alexander| |IV,| |323| |-| |317| |B.C.,| |Struck| |by| |Archon,| |Dokimos,| |or| |Seleukos| |I||stater|
This coin was struck under one of the Macedonian satraps in Babylon: Archon, Dokimos, or Seleukos I. Perdiccas suspected Archon of colluding in the theft of Alexander's corpse and, in 321 B.C., sent Dokimos to replace him. Archon was defeated and died from battle wounds. Seleucus, made satrap by Perdiccas' rival Antipater, arrived in Babylon in October or November 320 B.C. and defeated Dokimos.
SH54774. Gold stater, Price P203, Müller Alexander P116, aEF, weight 8.564 g, maximum diameter 18.0 mm, die axis 90o, Mesopotamia, Babylon (Hillah, Iraq) mint, c. 323 - 317 B.C.; obverse head of Athena right in crested Corinthian helmet ornamented with Griffin; reverse BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Nike standing left, wreath in right hand, facing head of Helios below left, [KY] below right; Struck under Archon, Dokimos, or Seleukos I, circa 323-318/7 BC.; SOLD


Mark Antony, Triumvir and Imperator, 44 - 30 B.C.

|Marc| |Antony|, |Mark| |Antony,| |Triumvir| |and| |Imperator,| |44| |-| |30| |B.C.||denarius|
In October 42 B.C. the Republican army was defeated by the legions Antony and Octavian at Philippi. Cassius and Brutus committed suicide. Brutus' body was brought to Antonius' camp, where he cast his purple paludamentum over his dead body and ordered an honorable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause was crushed; Rome rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate.
SH87854. Silver denarius, Crawford 496/1, Sydenham 1168, BMCRR II Gaul 60, RSC I 12, Sear CRI 128, SRCV I 1467, VF, nice portrait, dark toning, obverse slightly off center, light marks and scratches, some porosity, tiny edge splits, weight 3.270 g, maximum diameter 16.6 mm, die axis 0o, military mint with Antony in Greece, 42 B.C.; obverse M ANTONI IMP, bare head right; reverse III - VIR - R P C (counterclockwise from upper left), distyle temple, radiate facing head of Sol on medallion within; ex Savoca Coins, auction silver 25, lot 608; rare; SOLD


Athens, Attica, Greece, c. 138 - 137 B.C., New Style Tetradrachm

|Athens|, |Athens,| |Attica,| |Greece,| |c.| |138| |-| |137| |B.C.,| |New| |Style| |Tetradrachm||tetradrachm|
"New style" tetradrachms were struck by Athens as a semi-autonomous city under Roman rule. Hellenic style replaces the archaic "old-style." The owl is surrounded by magistrates' names and symbols. The letter on the amphora may indicate the month of production. Letters below may indicate the source of the silver. In 1961, Margaret Thompson completed her brilliant study, "The New Style Coinage of Athens." At that time, she estimated there were fewer than 8000 new style tetradrachms "above ground." Thompson catalog numbers indicate the obverse die. Reverses for each obverse are indicated by a letter. For this obverse die, Thompson does not record a reverse with these control letters.
SH77461. Silver tetradrachm, Thompson p. 98, 290a (but obv. die 291); Svoronos Athens pl. 40, 2; SNG Cop 129 ff. var. (controls); BMC Attica p. 42, 352 ff. var. (same), gVF, light corrosion, light marks, weight 16.588 g, maximum diameter 32.5 mm, die axis 0o, Athens mint, c. 138 - 137 B.C.; obverse head of Athena Parthenos right, wearing crested helmet; reverse owl stands right on amphora, A-ΘΕ across upper field divided by head, ΓΛ/AY (magistrate Glaukos) over smaller ΣΩ (control or third magistrate) left, EXE (magistrate Echekrates) over bust of Helios right, B (month) on Amphora, all within olive wreath; ex Gorny & Mosch auction 233 (6 Oct 2015), lot 1451; SOLD


Constantine the Great, Early 307 - 22 May 337 A.D.

|Constantine| |the| |Great|, |Constantine| |the| |Great,| |Early| |307| |-| |22| |May| |337| |A.D.||follis|
The name and the image of the sun god were frequently displayed on the coins of Rome. Apollo, in particular, was the object of homage in those dreadful times when the spread of plague depopulated the empire. But in the period when paganism was falling to the spread of Christianity, the emperors invoked the sun god Sol more than ever. The last inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to 387 and there were enough devotees in the 5th century that Saint Augustine found it necessary to preach against them.
SH28350. Billon follis, RIC VII Arles -, gVF, weight 3.553 g, maximum diameter 20.3 mm, die axis 180o, 2nd officina, Constantina-Arelatum (Arles, France) mint, 315 - 316 A.D.; obverse IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, laureate consular bust left, globe in right and eagle-tipped scepter in left; reverse SOLI INVICTO COMITI (to the unconquered Sun, minister [of the Emperor]), Sol standing half left, radiate, nude but for chlamys over shoulders and left arm, raising right hand commanding the sun to rise, globe in left hand, S F at sides, SARL in exergue; extremely rare; SOLD


Roman Republic, L. Mussidius Longus, 42 B.C.

|after| |50| |B.C.|, |Roman| |Republic,| |L.| |Mussidius| |Longus,| |42| |B.C.||denarius|
The platform depicted still exists on the north side of the Forum.
SH28129. Silver denarius, RSC I Mussidia 7, Sydenham 1094, Crawford 494/43, SRCV I 495, EF, toned, nice style, weight 3.868 g, maximum diameter 18.1 mm, die axis 270o, Rome mint, 42 B.C; obverse radiate and draped bust of Sol facing slightly right; reverse L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS above platform, inscribed CLOACIN, on which two statues of Venus Cloacina; ex CNG; scarce; SOLD


Mark Antony, Triumvir and Imperator, 44 - 30 B.C.

|Marc| |Antony|, |Mark| |Antony,| |Triumvir| |and| |Imperator,| |44| |-| |30| |B.C.||denarius|
In 41 B.C., Mark Antony met Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and formed an alliance. He returned to Alexandria with her and they became lovers in the winter of 41 - 40 B.C. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she had Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who was living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.
SL86807. Silver denarius, BMCRR II East 91 (larger head from later in the issue), Crawford 496/3, Sear CRI 129, Sydenham 1169 (very scarce), RSC I 70, SRCV I 1468, ANACS VF30, countermark, scrape (6030741); toned, bankers' marks on obverse, weight 3.71 g, maximum diameter 16.4 mm, die axis 0o, late 42 - early 41 B.C.; obverse bare head of Mark Antony right, beardless, IMP upward over lituus behind; reverse M. ANTONIVS III VIR. R.P.C. (clockwise from upper right), radiate head of Sol right ; military mint traveling with Antony in Greece and Asia; ex Heritage - NYINC Signature Sale 3063 (16 Jan 2018), lot 33377; ex CNG e-auction 392 (1 Mar 2017), lot 502 ("From the Collection of a Director"); rare; SOLD


Maximinus II Daia, May 310 - 30 April 313 A.D.

|Maximinus| |II|, |Maximinus| |II| |Daia,| |May| |310| |-| |30| |April| |313| |A.D.||follis|
Some features on this coin have been recut to make it appear less worn.
RT56012. Billon follis, RIC VI Antiochia 144, Tooled, weight 5.332 g, maximum diameter 24.3 mm, die axis 0o, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 310 A.D.; obverse MAXIMINVS NOB CAES, helmeted and cuirassed bust left, spear in right over shoulder, shield on left arm decorated with two riders and four figures, aegis on chest; reverse SOLI INVICTAE, Sol holding globe in right and raising left, riding in a facing quadriga, two horses split in each direction, B in center, ANT in exergue; very rare (R3); SOLD


Severus Alexander, 13 March 222 - March 235 A.D.

|Severus| |Alexander|, |Severus| |Alexander,| |13| |March| |222| |-| |March| |235| |A.D.||denarius|
Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the sun god of the later Roman Empire and a patron of soldiers. In 274 the Roman emperor Aurelian made it an official cult alongside the traditional Roman cults. The god was favored by emperors after Aurelian and appeared on their coins until Constantine. The last inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to 387 and there were enough devotees in the 5th century that Augustine found it necessary to preach against them. It is commonly claimed that the date of 25 December for Christmas was selected in order to correspond with the Roman festival of Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, or "Birthday of the Unconquered Sun."
SH66246. Silver denarius, RIC IV 120, RSC III 440, BMCRE VI 930, Hunter III 66, SRCV II 7915, FDC, uncirculated, high relief portrait, light, toning, superb!, weight 3.165 g, maximum diameter 20.0 mm, die axis 0o, Rome mint, 233 A.D.; obverse IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse P M TR P XII COS III P P, Sol standing left, radiate, nude but for cloak on shoulders billowing behind, raising right commanding the sun to rise, whip vertical behind in left; SOLD


Mark Antony, Triumvir and Imperator, 44 - 30 B.C.

|Marc| |Antony|, |Mark| |Antony,| |Triumvir| |and| |Imperator,| |44| |-| |30| |B.C.||denarius|
In October 42 B.C. the Republican army was defeated by the legions Antony and Octavian at Philippi. Cassius and Brutus committed suicide. Brutus' body was brought to Antonius' camp, where he cast his purple paludamentum over his dead body and ordered an honorable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause was crushed; Rome rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate.
RR77478. Silver denarius, Crawford 496/1, Sydenham 1168, BMCRR II Gaul 60, RSC I 12, Sear CRI 128, SRCV I 1467, aVF, areas of flat striking, attractive golden iridescence over luster, weight 3.605 g, maximum diameter 18.1 mm, die axis 315o, military mint with Antony in Greece, 42 B.C.; obverse M ANTONI IMP, bare head right; reverse III VIR R P C, distyle temple, radiate facing head of Sol on medallion within; from the Andrew McCabe Collection; rare; SOLD


Quietus, Fall or Winter 260 - Late 261 A.D.

|Quietus|, |Quietus,| |Fall| |or| |Winter| |260| |-| |Late| |261| |A.D.||antoninianus|
After the Sasanians captured Valerian, the legion commander Macrianus Senior had his sons Macrianus Junior and Quietus declared emperors. The new rulers drove the Persians out of Antioch but were defeated by Gallienus' legions. Quietus was murdered by the populace of Emesa to avoid siege by Gallienus' forces.
SH27147. Billon antoninianus, Göbl MIR 1741f, RIC V-2 10, RSC IV 12, SRCV III 10829, Hunter IV 4 var. (star), VF, pitting, weight 3.694 g, maximum diameter 21.5 mm, die axis 0o, uncertain Syrian mint, 1st emission; obverse IMP C FVL QVIETVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse SOL INVICTO, Sol standing slightly left, head left, radiate, nude but for chlamys over left shoulder and arm, raising right hand commanding the sun to rise, globe in left; rare; SOLD




  




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